NASA-funded scientist says 'MEGA drive' could enable interstellar travel
The drive would provide enough thrust for a spacecraft to travel near the speed of light using only electricity, says physicist Jim Woodward.
07 September, 2020
- The thrust system utilizes piezoelectric crystals, which vibrate extremely rapidly when exposed to electric current.
- Early tests have yielded mixed results, but Woodward and his colleagues say a recent breakthrough related to the design of the thruster mount greatly increased thrust.
- Independent teams of scientists will likely test Woodward's design after the pandemic.
<p>From health concerns to funding, there's no shortage of obstacles preventing humans from traveling beyond our solar system. But the main obstacle is propulsion: Our spacecraft are simply too slow and too reliant on fuel to realistically make a voyage to Alpha Centauri, the closest star to our Sun.</p><p>So, what do we need? Something like a reactionless drive — an engine that moves a spacecraft without exhausting a finite stock of propellant. So far, such a device only exists in science fiction. But for the past few decades, physicist Jim Woodward has been trying to change that.</p><p>The 79-year-old physics professor has developed what a thruster design that he hopes will serve as a proof of concept for how humans can someday achieve interstellar travel. Called the Mach-effect gravitational assist (MEGA) drive, the device only requires a source of electricity to achieve thrust. </p><p>Early tests have shown mixed results. Woodward himself was only able to demonstrate miniscule amounts of thrust, while other teams reported little to no thrust when trying to replicate his experiments. Still, the design intrigued NASA enough to award Woodward $625,000 in funding between 2017 and 2018. </p><p>What's more, in 2019 Woodward and his collaborator and fellow physicist Hal Fearn reported a major breakthrough after redesigning the thruster's mount — a tweak that produced "more than 100 micronewtons, orders of magnitude larger than anything Woodward had ever built before," as a recent feature in <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/mach-effect-thrusters-interstellar-travel/" target="_blank" style="">Wired</a> notes. </p><p>(To be sure, the level of thrust we're talking about is barely enough to visibly move an object across a table. But if the results are confirmed, it would suggest the technology could be scaled up.)</p>
A heterodox view of inertia
<p>Woodward's system is based on ideas that 19th-century physicist Ernst Mach proposed about inertia, which is an object's tendency to stay at rest unless acted upon.</p><p>In simple terms, Mach's principle argues that distant matter causes local inertial effects. So, a star in a far away galaxy has some effect on the inertia you encounter when you push a shopping cart. That's the idea, anyway. (Woodward gives a comprehensive breakdown of his views on Mach's principle in this <a href="https://medium.com/predict/james-woodward-on-machs-principle-for-reactionless-inertial-propulsion-34384863ad50" target="_blank">blog post</a>.)</p><p><span></span>In the 20th century, Albert Einstein incorporated Mach's ideas into his theory of general relativity, essentially arguing that gravity and inertia are fundamentally linked. But the broader physics community later rejected this view of inertia, largely because of a <a href="http://people.loyno.edu/~brans/ST-history/phd-thesis-Brans.pdf" target="_blank">1961 paper</a> that showed inertia to be unrelated to the gravitational influence of distant matter.</p><p>Still, Woodward believes Einstein had it right all along, and that, under this framework of inertia, it's possible to develop propulsion systems that require only an electrical charge, not fuel. The key element of his thruster is a stack of piezoelectric crystals, which produces an alternating electric field when voltage is applied to it, as Woodward explained:</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"Piezoelectric crystals are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanics" target="_blank">electromechanical</a> devices, which means that when you apply the voltage, they mechanically expand & contract depending upon the sign of the voltage. So by applying a voltage, you're causing an E/c² energy fluctuation in the stack no matter what they do mechanically, and you're also producing an acceleration because of the changing dimensions of the stack due due to electromechanical effects, which also causes the acceleration required couple the device to the large gravitational field."</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"The trick is timing the energy fluctuations and mechanical oscillations correctly, which requires using two frequencies — at the first and second harmonics, and it's the second harmonic that actually produces thrust."</p><span style="display:block;position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="ad94a778bf9379d610884cc629149e99"><iframe type="lazy-iframe" data-runner-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OLs9NEt9LRQ?rel=0" width="100%" height="auto" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;"></iframe></span><p>Woodward and his colleagues have even drawn up plans for a spacecraft that would utilize the MEGA drive. Called the SSI Lambda, the craft would feature piezoelectric crystals and a small nuclear reactor to produce electricity.</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"The SSI Lambda probe using MEGA drive thrusters is a truly propellantless-propulsion spacecraft," the team wrote of the design in its report to NASA. "It can travel at speeds up to the speed of light in a vacuum with only consumption of electric power. No other method for travelling to the stars and braking into the target system has been put forward to date, which also has credible physics to back it up."</p>
High-reward work
<p>After the COVID-19 pandemic settles down, other scientists and engineers hope to put Woodward's designs to the test. The results of those experiments should reveal whether he's onto something. To some experts in the field, the odds are slim. But that doesn't mean it's not worth investigating.</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"I'd say there's between a 1-in-10 and 1-in-10,000,000 chance that it's real, and probably toward the higher end of that spectrum," Mike McDonald, an aerospace engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory in Maryland, told Wired. "But imagine that one chance; that would be amazing. That's why we do high-risk, high-reward work. That's why we do science."</p>
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New ‘bullet plane’ aims to make private flights affordable
Otto Aviation says the hourly cost of flying the new Celera 500L is about six times cheaper than conventional aircraft.
01 September, 2020
Otto Aviation
- The unusual shape of Otto Aviation's Celera 500L was designed to maximize laminar flow.
- Laminar flow is the smooth flow of air over an aircraft's wings, and optimizing laminar flow can make aircraft incredibly efficient.
- The plane can hold up to six passengers, and is expected to hit commercial markets around 2025.
<p>An American aviation company claims to have designed an ultra-efficient plane that could someday make the cost of private flights comparable to flying commercial.</p><p>Otto Aviation says it's completed 31 successful test flights of its new Celera 500L, a.k.a the "bullet plane." <a href="https://www.ottoaviation.com/technology" target="_blank">According to the company</a>, the plane features seats for six passengers, a 4,500-nautical-mile range and a top cruise speed of 460 miles per hour. That means it could fly nonstop from New York City to Los Angeles in about the same time as a conventional private aircraft.</p><p>But most notable is the low flying cost of $328 per hour. Compare that to the $1,300 to $3,000 hourly cost you and several friends would currently pay to <a href="https://fave.co/2YvjsMc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">charter a private jet</a>. </p><p>How is the price so low?</p><p>It's mainly because of the plane's unusual shape. The cylindrical fuselage is especially aerodynamic because it maximizes laminar flow. Laminar flow occurs when air flows smoothly over an aircraft's wings, which reduces drag and boosts fuel efficiency. </p>
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzYwMTc4MS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYwNjA1NDExOX0.b01YIQ9lOn61-T-3t_hk9hy8HApVbHVtjWe7Bymyziw/img.jpg?width=980" id="e6194" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="43610a3db18b0e8be3fbfcd18b7a861b" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" alt="\u200bCelera 500L" />
Celera 500L
Otto Aviation
<p>Otto says the Celera 500L requires about one-eighth the fuel of a conventional jet.</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"The design of the Celera fuselage takes advantage of an optimum length-to-width ratio to maximize laminar flow," Otto Aviation wrote on its <a href="https://www.ottoaviation.com/technology" target="_blank">website</a>, adding that the design results in a 59-percent reduction in drag compared to similarly sized aircraft. "These benefits will not scale for large jet transports and are therefore well suited for an aircraft like the Celera."</p><p>Other specs include:</p><ul><li>Glide range of 125 miles at 30,000 feet, which is roughly three times better than conventional aircraft.</li><li>Fuel efficiency levels that are 30 percent better than FAA and ICAO target emissions standards for aircraft entering service after 2031.</li><li>Liquid-cooled V12 engine, twin 6-cylinder bank, capable of independent operation with mutually independent critical engine sub-systems for each bank.</li></ul><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzYwMTc4Ni9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYxMTM0MzIwOH0.1MyITf_Ka6BsVRKdAdvsZbYq-yAtEaz1mcMpsyCBqPQ/img.jpg?width=980" id="6ace5" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="3d36af3ab1b2f2ba59a1be50d8f7b7cc" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" alt="\u200bCelera 500L" />
Celera 500L
Otto Aviation
<p style="margin-left: 20px;">"We believe the Celera 500L is the biggest thing to happen to both the aviation and travel industries in 50 years," William Otto Sr., the Chairman and Chief Scientist of Otto Aviation, said in a <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36016/the-potentially-revolutionary-celera-500l-officially-breaks-cover" target="_blank">statement</a>. "Beyond using our aircraft for passenger travel, it can also be used for cargo operations and military applications. Since the results from our prototype test flights have been so promising, we're ready to bring the Celera 500L to market."</p><p>The company hopes to deliver the Celera 500L to market around 2025, pending FAA certification. If successful, manufacturers like Otto Aviation, <a href="https://cnn.com/travel/article/transcend-air-jet-speed-business-flights/index.html" target="_blank">Transcend Air</a>, and Airbus could usher in the era of air taxis, where people hail aircraft like they do taxis or Ubers. Paris, for example, was planning to have flying taxis in time for the 2024 Olympic Games, though it's unclear whether the pandemic will affect the project.</p><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzYwMTc4Ny9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1MDQzMjYzOH0.6EroGDBX9rsirW7AhtLfcQzSBoE346C2nyzrSFeC7-E/img.png?width=980" id="6b921" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="bc74c741c21cbc90b877015ad642890c" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" alt="\u200bCelera 500L" />
Celera 500L
Otto Aviation
<p>As far as how COVID-19 has affected the launch of the bullet plane?</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"We didn't anticipate Covid-19," Otto told <a href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/celera-500l-plane/index.html" target="_blank">CNN</a>. "But there are enhanced market opportunities in being able to afford to fly with only those you choose to. Being able to avoid crowded airports and lines is another big benefit. [...] In many cases, individuals and families will be able to charter the Celera 500L at prices comparable to commercial airfares, but with the convenience of private aviation."</p>
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ESA's 'interplanetary cargo ship' to carry Mars rocks to Earth in 2031
The Earth Return Orbiter is part of a long-term mission to search for ancient alien life on Mars.
30 July, 2020
ESA
- On July 30, NASA is set to launch the Perseverance rover toward Mars on a mission to search for biosignatures of ancient life within the planet's Jerezo Crater.
- The soil samples collected by the rover would then be launched from the Martian surface into orbit, where a European-made "cargo ship" will intercept the container.
- The cargo ship — a satellite called the Earth Return Orbiter — could return the samples to Earth for further study by 2031.
<p>Was Mars ever home to alien life? If so, scientists believe astrobiological evidence may lie in the ancient rocks and soil of the planet's Jezero Crater, where a lake existed 3.5 billion years ago.</p><p>Over the next decade, NASA and European space agencies plan to collect samples from the Jezero Crater and return them to Earth. The mission began at 7:50 a.m. EDT on Thursday, July 30, with the launch of NASA's Perseverance rover, which will embark on a seven-month journey to Mars.</p><p>The six-wheeled rover is set to descend to the Martian surface in February 2021. It will then start collecting rock and soil samples that could contain biosignatures of ancient microorganisms — a project that the European Space agency <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2019/05/Earth_Return_Orbiter" target="_blank">likens to an "interplanetary treasure hunt."</a> Perseverance, previously named the Mars 2020 rover, will store its samples in protective tubes, which it will leave behind for a smaller "fetch rover" to pick up on a future mission.</p><p>If all goes well, the fetch rover will transport the samples to a craft called the Mars Ascent Vehicle, which will launch a rocket containing the samples (protected inside of a basketball-sized container) into orbit. A satellite will then intercept the container. To do this, the satellite — an Airbus-France spacecraft dubbed <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2019/05/Earth_Return_Orbiter" target="_blank">Earth Return Orbiter</a> (ERO) — must carefully position itself to catch the container at the right moment. </p><p><a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25147/mission-overview-nasas-perseverance-mars-rover/" target="_blank">In 2031, the ERO will return to Earth</a>, where it will drop the container through our atmosphere to a landing site in North America.</p>
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzUyMjEyNC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY0OTg0NTQ5N30.yU7GOgl1yKVBQrIsnJCtXei1w3amkenWi9L8dsET8Pc/img.jpg?width=980" id="81efb" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="ba603b226216e7cc81ba632aa29adcc3" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" alt="\u200bJerezo Crater" />
Jerezo Crater landing site
Photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech/USGS/University of Arizona via Wikimedia Commons
<p>It would be the first mission to return Martian matter to Earth.</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"This is not just twice as difficult as any typical Mars mission; it's twice squared — when you think about the complexity involved," Dr. David Parker, the director of human and robotic exploration at the European Space Agency (ESA), told <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/science-environment-53575353" target="_blank">BBC News</a>.</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"And this satellite that Airbus will build - I like to call it 'the first interplanetary cargo ship', because that's what it will be doing. It's designed to carry cargo between Mars and Earth."</p><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzUyMjEyNS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY0OTUyNzI3OX0.hJzI77izzkBGaIv5bH_4a4h8gkhd4yhyqESqpiEWB0o/img.png?width=980" id="fce37" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="63c261cffd70b358796f6b4c3109ac41" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" alt="ESA\u2019s Earth Return Orbiter" />
ESA's Earth Return Orbiter
ESA
<p>Finding signs of alien life isn't the rover's only function. The 2,300-pound Perseverance will be equipped with the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter, a small 4-pound drone designed to help scientists learn more about the feasibility of achieving flight on Mars, a planet with an atmosphere that's <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/6-things-to-know-about-nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter/" target="_blank">99 percent less dense than Earth's</a>.</p><p>Perseverance will also carry technology designed to analyze the chemical composition of the Martian surface, study weather, take images of the Martian subsurface, and produce oxygen from Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide — a proof-of-concept method that could someday allow astronauts to produce oxygen for rocket propellant or breathing.</p><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzUyMjEyMC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYzMzIwOTIyMn0.74R7zZ_2P9DM3zKfe0rjecE0HaH1xJJ9-m6jUXt57wo/img.jpg?width=980" id="c030c" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="d7a5fd865bf823e03a110357f65696cc" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" alt="Illustration of the Mars Ascent Vehicle" />
Illustration of the Mars Ascent Vehicle
NASA
<p>But Perseverance's main mission is to find signs of alien life. If it does, that would suggest that life may be relatively common throughout the universe, as Kenneth Farley, the project scientist for Perseverance and a professor at the California Institute of Technology, told <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/28/21307109/nasa-mars-rover-perseverance-launch-date-alien-life" target="_blank" style="">The Verge</a>:</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"The central question of 'Is there life on other planets?' — it really comes down to: is the origination of life some kind of magic spark that happens only incredibly rarely, or alternatively, is it the kind of thing that is inevitable?" Farley said. "What we can do is we can go to such place in our own solar system on Mars and ask the question, 'Is life ubiquitous?'"</p><span style="display:block;position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="6559e0323765ea9dd1bfe735f78a74c9"><iframe type="lazy-iframe" data-runner-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RNnJBKR9lqY?rel=0" width="100%" height="auto" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;"></iframe></span><p>You can watch the Perseverance launch on <a href="https://youtu.be/21X5lGlDOfg" target="_blank">NASA's YouTube channel</a> at 7:50 a.m. EDT on Thursday, July 30.</p>
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The world needs carbon-neutral flying. Here’s how to bring it one step closer.
We need electric planes, sustainable aviation fuels, and hybrid propulsion now, not later.
12 September, 2019
In the year when the Swedish word "flygskam" (flight-shaming) hit the news in Europe, public concern about carbon emissions from aviation is endangering the sector's social license to operate.
<p> Aviation is a critical sector that connects travelers and businesses across the globe, fosters economic growth and supports humanitarian missions. It is therefore important for the sector, in collaboration with all those who depend on it, to continue to do all it can to lead the way towards sustainable operations. With demand for flights projected to double over the next 15-20 years, 2019 could be the year that the industry, or at least the most progressive actors within it, define a pathway towards net-zero flying.</p><p>Over the last decade, the aviation sector has made progress in improving fuel efficiency through improved<a href="https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/technology-roadmap.aspx" target="_blank"> aircraft design</a> and operations. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) achieved an important milestone to limit emissions growth with the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (<a href="https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">CORSIA</a>), a globally agreed market-based measure to achieve carbon-neutral growth for international aviation from 2020.</p><p>Alongside these achievements, more options exist when it comes to managing aviation's carbon footprint. While electric planes – which could run at half the cost and noise of conventional aircraft – are a <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/norway-electric-short-haul-flights-2040/" target="_blank">very real medium-term possibility</a> for smaller aircraft on short routes, they're likely not an option for widespread adoption on larger or long-haul flights due to low energy density of current battery technology.</p><p>Hybrid propulsion, whereby electric motors would provide initial thrust on take-off and landing for example, could on the other hand reduce emissions in medium- and long-haul flying, but this also will take years to make a substantial impact. This leaves sustainable aviation fuels, or SAF, as the most realistic option today for greener flying. SAF could come in various types of sustainable bio-fuels (derived from waste and not in competition with any food crops) that are in use already today. Synthetic fuels are another potential source, capturing CO2 during their production phase. SAF – which can reduce the carbon footprint of aviation fuel by <a href="https://www.atag.org/facts-figures.html" target="_blank">up to 80% over their full life cycle</a> – started testing on commercial-sized aircraft systems in 2008. As well as being cleaner than kerosene, another benefit of SAF is that they can be blended with conventional jet fuel, allowing for a gradual introduction into supply chains without the need for any expensive engine adaptation.</p><p>Air travel is centered around hubs.The fact that the 20 busiest airports in the world<a href="https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released/" target="_blank"> handle nearly one-fifth</a> of all air passenger traffic should make it a lot easier for SAF to be adopted en masse by airlines. Yet, seven years after their introduction to commercial flights, they still account for less than <a href="https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2019/march/are-aviation-biofuels-ready-for-take-off.html" target="_blank">0.1% of total aviation fuel consumption</a>, with airlines struggling to break away from fossil fuels.</p><p>SAF will only be in a position to compete effectively with petroleum-based fuels when they can be produced in sufficient quantities. Overcoming this impasse requires a new form of collaboration between different stakeholders across the industry – including airlines, airport operators, aircraft manufacturers, energy companies, financial institutions, government, civil society groups and customers. We believe this is now beginning to change. As it does, there are three instruments that can help drive the process.</p><h2>1. The "Paris Buyers Club"</h2><p>One of the most chronic challenges facing sustainability efforts in almost any industry is reaching a consensus among the key players on who bears the inevitable costs. This is usually characterized by a "chicken and egg" scenario whereby producers and consumers are both either unwilling or unable to make the initial investment for new technologies to reach a scale where they are competitive with existing fossil fuel-derived options.</p><p>One idea that was discussed at a workshop organized by the World Economic Forum on the side-lines of this year's Paris Air Show suggests this impasse could soon be overcome. Bringing together all the key stakeholders, the suggestion was made that if significant number of large businesses that rely on air travel clubbed together, their collective demand for carbon-neutral travel could catalyse the ramping up of production of SAF. For example, the annual carbon offset budget of one international professional services firm alone could fund up to two new plants for production of SAF. In essence, this would provide in-sector offsets versus out-of-sector offsets such as planting trees, and still earn participating organizations the relevant carbon credits. This idea is not new. Several programmes for redirecting such climate investments currently exist, but there is potential now for forming a larger coalition of corporate actors who want to demonstrate their commitment to climate change and ensure their staff can continue flying at a relatively low cost.</p>
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMTEwNjAzNy9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY2MzYyNzk1OH0.KLYmvkZLZq4-F4x20DkV6Tq5rIaGeuQaddtnL5T256c/img.jpg?width=1245&coordinates=0%2C26%2C0%2C180&height=700" id="955f0" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="54726928c1cf763e59e3aee5a0cefa77" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />
The KLM airplane which runs on biokerose, a type of biofuel.
Lex Lieshout/AFP/Getty Images
<h2>2. Finance takes to the skies</h2><p>Such funding from corporate actors, or a collection of willing enterprises, could also be accumulated in a new type of investment fund, not unlike the<a href="https://oilandgasclimateinitiative.com/" target="_blank"> Oil and Gas Climate Initiative</a>. Through co-investment, the high risks associated with new refineries and related infrastructure can be lowered, and there can be greater confidence the SAF will be used once produced (referred to as "off-take agreements" in the industry). The more plants that are built, the cheaper the production process and fuel product becomes. The resulting SAF from new refineries may only be used several years after the initial investment, but the capital pooled in the investment fund could provide the initial push necessary to get the industry to 2% (or even higher) use of SAF by 2025. As was shown in the case of solar energy, this would be an important benchmark that raises the prospect for reaching price parity with conventional fuel and achieving a complete energy transition of the industry over the longer term.</p><p>Financial institutions could play a direct role themselves. The World Economic Forum's community of CEO Climate Leaders <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/business-is-stepping-up-its-fight-against-climate-change-this-is-how/" target="_blank">has made great strides</a> in reducing the carbon footprints of their businesses in order to help meet the Paris Climate Goals. Some of the CEOs represent banks that have taken active steps towards ceasing to provide funding for coal-fired power stations and other heavily polluting assets. More recently, stakeholders in the shipping industry have launched the Poseidon Principles, which sees 11 major banks commit to lending portfolios and practices that incentivise the transition to a decarbonised shipping industry. A similar approach in the airline industry could result in beneficial financing terms for operators that commit to progressive adoption of SAF.</p><h2>3. Supply</h2><p>If buyers' clubs have the potential to provide significant momentum through a demand-led approach, opportunities exist for supply-led stimulation as well. One option is for airport operators, in collaboration with their carriers, to make landing rights and lowered associated fees an incentive for driving sustainability. Airports faced with the need to expand in order to accommodate growing demand are under huge pressure to limit their environmental footprint or undertake net-zero growth. The beauty of blended biofuels means that airports could gradually ramp up the percentage of SAF provided to airlines, raising it slowly as global supply increases. That percentage could increase to double digits by the 2030s.</p><p>In addition, smart regulatory choices designed to make production and sale of SAF more attractive could help level the playing field with traditional petroleum-based fuels. In emerging economies, like India and Brazil, where there is an abundance of appropriate feed stocks, inexpensive solar and wind resources or land available for refineries, such incentives could serve to encourage investment into new supply chains and scale SAF production in the near to medium term.</p><p>The well-sequenced combination of nuanced demand- and supply-led innovations, alongside the emergence of new or improved technologies, presents the aviation industry with a much-needed opportunity to protect its social license to operate and grow in an age of increased awareness around carbon emissions. There is no time to lose.</p><p>Reprinted with permission of the <a href="https://www.weforum.org/" target="_blank">World Economic Forum</a>. Read the <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/carbon-neutral-flying/" target="_blank">original article</a>.</p>
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FAA warns that illegal weaponized drones will incur a $25K fine
The FAA is not amused by flame-throwing drones.
28 August, 2019
Image source: ThrowFlame
- Federal Aviation Administration publishes a notice warning the public not to weaponize their personal drones.
- Doing so will result in a $25,000 fine per violation.
- The FAA is keeping pace with the rapid development of this new and popular technology.
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<p>Drones can be an incredible boon to society if properly utilized. Farmers can monitor their crops with them and public agencies can react faster to emergencies. And these are just a few of the possibilities drones grant us. This said, they may also be capable of incredible destruction. </p><p>Indeed, the United States Federal Aviation Administration <a href="https://www.faa.gov/news/updates/?newsId=94424" target="_blank">recently published a notice</a> addressed to the public — and directed an email to all remote drone pilots — warning about the illegality of weaponizing a drone.</p><p>For the past several years, there's been a rapid increase in drone aircraft for both hobbyist and commercial purposes. The federal government has been trying to keep pace with the breakneck speed of drone innovation. They've put in place rules to ensure unmanned aerial vehicles don't interfere with commercial or military air traffic, while also making sure that all drone operators who engage in commercial services obtain a special Part 107 license.</p><p>It was only a matter of time before they'd have to regulate the weaponization of them as well.</p><p>Recently, a company called ThrowFlame made some waves when it announced its "TF-19" Wasp flamethrower attachment for drones. It works with most unmanned drones that can handle a payload of five pounds or more. ThrowFlame claims this isn't intended as a weapon. The FAA disagrees.</p>
FAA’s response to weaponized drones
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMTA3NTUwMi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyMDg4NzExNH0.JBaGB3nbJBeFUwaZ1-SDitu6G_yK6GoFZaUeg6sprsM/img.jpg?width=1245&coordinates=0%2C680%2C848%2C366&height=700" id="a58c5" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="625c0101e209e7db15af306ad74f25d0" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Photo by Jason Blackeye on Unsplash
<p>Published under the title: "Drones and Weapons, A Dangerous Mix," FAA officials put forth some clear guidelines on the illegality of weaponizing drones without proper licensing:</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"Perhaps you've seen online photos and videos of drones with attached guns, bombs, fireworks, flamethrowers, and other dangerous items. Do not consider attaching any items such as these to a drone because operating a drone with such an item may result in significant harm to a person and to your bank account."</p><p>Just a single infraction will end up costing you $25,000. Unless you're a defense contractor or have another special case, it's doubtful you'd need to weaponize your drone.</p><p>Weaponizing a drone is in violation of the 2018 FAA Reauthorization Act, Section 363, which stipulates under the section "Prohibition Against Weapons," that "Unless authorized by the Administrator, a person may not operate an unmanned aircraft or unmanned aircraft system that is equipped or armed with a dangerous weapon."</p><p>A "dangerous weapon" includes any item that can be used or is capable of causing serious bodily harm, or death. Flamethrowers definitely fit the bill.</p><p>For a new technology like this for which the public is already a bit apprehensive about — it's probably best if we don't start throwing flamethrowers on them just because we can.</p>
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