Get smarter, faster. Subscribe to our daily newsletter.
- 2019 will be known as the enterprise-to-enterprise boom in blockchain.
- B2B blockchain companies will out-perform the market because they provide the tools that other businesses need in order to survive.
- Blockchain is expected to become a $2-billion-dollar industry in the next three years.
The potential of blockchain might have been ruined for you by your unemployed cousin who wears Balenciagas to Thanksgiving dinner and told you to enter into the cryptocurrency market at the wrong time.
However, blockchain (sometimes referred to as 'Distributed Ledger Technology', or 'DLT') is much more than that.
The use case for the technology extends far beyond Bitcoin, cryptocurrency, and those way-too-expensive sneakers that your cousin somehow managed to afford.
Blockchain will probably outlast his dead-end job, and it might even outlast you. Despite market fluctuations and scare-mongering, the technology is here to stay.
Blockchain and the world of b2b
82 percent of Fortune 100 companies are researching how they can implement blockchain technology into their current business model. This figure includes every single one of the Fortune 50 companies, and every single Big Four Accounting Firm, including PwC and Deloitte.
IBM is one of the main companies leading the charge, and they are already providing blockchain solutions for enterprises such as Walmart and Sam's Club. In 2017, the blockchain industry was valued at around $339 million dollars and is predicted to grow from there to an estimated $2 billion dollars by 2022.
The key drivers of blockchain's growth thus far have been cryptocurrency, private blockchains for enterprises such as Big Four accounting firms, and government use cases.
However, now the industry is shifting its focus to business-to-business (b2b) implementation.
Improving b2b relationships through blockchain
A recent report by IBM says that blockchain can be used to improve a "shared version of events" which can help supply chain management. It also suggested that blockchain could improve collaboration across multiple parties and streamline dispute resolution.
Similarly, a Forbes article notes that blockchain could help improve the longevity of b2b relationship cycles. An increasing number of businesses in the b2b sector are introducing blockchain technology as a part of their service suite.
Currently, there are three major b2b businesses that are leading the wave of blockchain innovation which is currently taking off:
Hydrotank Data Center (HDC)
HDC is transforming the global data center marketplace by building the world's first data center inside of a shipping container.
In addition, HDC is building a marketplace that directly connects vendors, service providers, and clients all in one web and mobile application called the Hydrotank Data Center Marketplace.
The Singapore-based startup is building a community around the project which will allow members to vote on future site locations of the data centers. It also holds an annual shareholders conference in addition to other community events.
Tatau
With a business model centered around computing power, Tatau is a significant player in the Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) and cryptocurrency mining arena. On the one hand it's great for cryptominers as it can save them energy and costs and on the other hand it can also be used in industries beyond cryptocurrency, so it's not held back by cryptomarket volatility.
Unlike other competitors that used a CPU-based data center computing model, Tatau has implemented a GPU-based computing power marketplace that connects suppliers and vendors.
Maxonrow
The Maxonrow blockchain protocol is a product-based startup that is bringing the world one step closer to mass adoption.
It features 10 different products, including the likes of a Point of Sales (POS) device, a KYC and AML application, a land registry solution, and a wallet.
The company is extending blockchain solutions from being inaccessible, expensive designs that can only be used by multi-billion dollar companies, to simple technology that can be used by enterprises of all sizes.
Buying.com
Buying.com is tapping into the world's $4.5 trillion-dollar e-commerce industry by dismantling the current seven step supply chain model which extends from the manufacturer to the last mile distribution point.
Through buying.com's protocol and application, e-commerce merchants are able to offer group-buy deals directly to consumers. This allows shoppers to combine their purchasing power together so that they can unlock minimum order quantity deals that only larger merchants can currently access.
For example, if you want to currently buy a television, you will pay the maximum price for it as you are purchasing a single unit which will cost more for the vendor to fulfill and is less worth their while. However, if you connect with 49 other shoppers to bring the demand up to 50 televisions, you can get a lower price from the vendors throughout the supply chain as they will be making a larger profit and will also get a better price on bulk packing, shipping etc. This is the heart of buying.com's business model.
The future of blockchain
Only the future knows how blockchain technology will change society and the way we conduct business. All that we know for certain for now is that more b2b businesses are adopting it more than ever before and that this is an area where blockchain can shape the future of transactions, economies and procedures.
Can blockchain continue to grow into the predicted $2-billion-dollar industry within the next 5 years?
Will it smash through the barrier completely and set a new record?
If things continue the way they're going, it's looking very probable that blockchain B2B could just be the next big megatrend of 2019.
COVID-19 amplified America’s devastating health gap. Can we bridge it?
The COVID-19 pandemic is making health disparities in the United States crystal clear. It is a clarion call for health care systems to double their efforts in vulnerable communities.
19 November, 2020
Willie Mae Daniels makes melted cheese sandwiches with her granddaughter, Karyah Davis, 6, after being laid off from her job as a food service cashier at the University of Miami on March 17, 2020.
Credit: Joe Raedle/Getty Images
Sponsored by Northwell Health
- The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated America's health disparities, widening the divide between the haves and have nots.
- Studies show disparities in wealth, race, and online access have disproportionately harmed underserved U.S. communities during the pandemic.
- To begin curing this social aliment, health systems like Northwell Health are establishing relationships of trust in these communities so that the post-COVID world looks different than the pre-COVID one.
<ul class="ee-ul"></ul>
<p>In the last 100 years, we've made incredible advances in health care, advances that would be viewed as miraculous to any previous generation. To pick one example, the<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy" target="_blank"> U.S. life expectancy</a> in 1950 was 68.2 years. We've since added 10 years to that average. Social programs have helped the young and elderly, two of the most health-vulnerable populations, receive unprecedented levels of care and attention. And telemedicine has decoupled many Americans' health support and monitoring from brick-and-mortar hospitals, expanding access to care.</p><p>Yet, despite these advances and despite handily<a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/a-dozen-facts-about-the-economics-of-the-u-s-health-care-system/" target="_blank"> outspending other OECD nations on health care</a>, the United States preserves vast health disparities. As James Madara, CEO and executive vice president of the American Medical Association,<a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/about/leadership/america-s-health-care-crisis-much-deeper-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> </a>wrote on the organization's site: "The U.S. health system that exists today is a hodgepodge of ideas, programs, and regulations that is both extraordinarily expensive and highly inefficient. And despite its size and technological advancements, our health system is beset by tremendous gaps and inequities that favor some groups while unfairly disadvantaging others."</p><p>Our current predicament has its origins in tectonic sociohistorical forces that have shifted and fractured the health care landscape. For those at the peaks, access to superior care, education, resources, and social networks serve to protect their health. For those in the canyons, the ground continues to weather away with each past and ongoing crisis—consider, for example, the disproportionate fallout from<a href="https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/60/11/2667" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> </a><a href="https://www.salon.com/2013/09/29/ronald_reagans_shameful_legacy_violence_the_homeless_mental_illness/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">the dissolution of the Mental Health Systems Act</a>.</p><p>Then came COVID-19.</p>
COVID-19 deepens U.S. health disparities
<p>Communities on the pernicious side of America's health disparities have their unique histories, environments, and social structures. They are spread across the United States, but they all have one thing in common.</p><p>"There is one common divide in American communities, and that is poverty," said <a href="https://www.northwell.edu/about/leadership/debbie-salas-lopez" target="_blank">Debbie Salas-Lopez, MD, MPH</a>, senior vice president of community and population health at Northwell Health. "That is the undercurrent that manifests poor health, poor health outcomes, or poor health prognoses for future wellbeing."</p><p>Social determinants have far-reaching effects on health, and poor communities have unfavorable social determinants. To pick one of many examples, <a href="https://www.npr.org/2020/09/27/913612554/a-crisis-within-a-crisis-food-insecurity-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">food insecurity</a> reduces access to quality food, leading to poor health and communal endemics of chronic medical conditions. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified some of these conditions, such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes, as increasing the risk of developing a severe case of coronavirus.</p><p>The pandemic didn't create poverty or food insecurity, but it exacerbated both, and the results have been catastrophic. A study published this summer in the <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-020-05971-3" target="_blank">Journal of General Internal Medicine</a></em> suggested that "social factors such as income inequality may explain why some parts of the USA are hit harder by the COVID-19 pandemic than others."</p><p>That's not to say better-off families in the U.S. weren't harmed. A <a href="https://voxeu.org/article/poverty-inequality-and-covid-19-us" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">paper from the Centre for Economic Policy Research</a> noted that families in counties with a higher median income experienced adjustment costs associated with the pandemic—for example, lowering income-earning interactions to align with social distancing policies. However, the paper found that the costs of social distancing were much greater for poorer families, who cannot easily alter their living circumstances, which often include more individuals living in one home and a reliance on mass transit to reach work and grocery stores. They are also disproportionately represented in essential jobs, such as retail, transportation, and health care, where maintaining physical distance can be all but impossible.</p><p>The paper also cited a positive correlation between higher income inequality and higher rates of coronavirus infection. "Our interpretation is that poorer people are less able to protect themselves, which leads them to different choices—they face a steeper trade-off between their health and their economic welfare in the context of the threats posed by COVID-19," the authors wrote.</p><p>"There are so many pandemics that this pandemic has exacerbated," Dr. Salas-Lopez noted.</p><p>One example is the health-wealth gap. The mental stressors of maintaining a low socioeconomic status, especially in the face of extreme affluence, can have a physically degrading impact on health. <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/index.cfm/_api/render/file/?method=inline&fileID=123ECD96-EF81-46F6-983D2AE9A45FA354" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Writing on this gap</a>, Robert Sapolsky, professor of biology and neurology at Stanford University, notes that socioeconomic stressors can increase blood pressure, reduce insulin response, increase chronic inflammation, and impair the prefrontal cortex and other brain functions through anxiety, depression, and cognitive load. </p><p>"Thus, from the macro level of entire body systems to the micro level of individual chromosomes, poverty finds a way to produce wear and tear," Sapolsky writes. "It is outrageous that if children are born into the wrong family, they will be predisposed toward poor health by the time they start to learn the alphabet."</p>Research on the economic and mental health fallout of COVID-19 is showing two things: That unemployment is hitting <a href="https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/09/24/economic-fallout-from-covid-19-continues-to-hit-lower-income-americans-the-hardest/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">low-income and young Americans</a> most during the pandemic, potentially widening the health-wealth gap further; and that the pandemic not only exacerbates mental health stressors, but is doing so at clinically relevant levels. As <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7413844/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">the authors of one review</a> wrote, the pandemic's effects on mental health is itself an international public health priority.<blockquote>We need to find ways to unify this country because we're all human beings. We're all created equal, and we believe that health is one of those important rights.</blockquote>
Working to close the health gap
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNDc5MDk1MS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYxNTYyMzQzMn0.KSFpXH7yHYrfVPtfgcxZqAHHYzCnC2bFxwSrJqBbH4I/img.jpg?width=980" id="b40e2" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="1b9035370ab7b02a0dc00758e494412b" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Northwell Health coronavirus testing center at Greater Springfield Community Church.
Credit: Northwell Health
<p>Novel coronavirus may spread and infect indiscriminately, but pre-existing conditions, environmental stressors, and a lack of access to care and resources increase the risk of infection. These social determinants make the pandemic more dangerous, and erode communities' and families' abilities to heal from health crises that pre-date the pandemic.</p><p>How do we eliminate these divides? Dr. Salas-Lopez says the first step is recognition. "We have to open our eyes to see the suffering around us," she said. "Northwell has not shied away from that."</p><p>"We are steadfast in improving health outcomes for our vulnerable and underrepresented communities that have suffered because of the prevalence of chronic disease, a problem that led to the disproportionately higher death rate among African-Americans and Latinos during the COVID-19 pandemic," said Michael Dowling, Northwell's president and CEO. "We are committed to using every tool at our disposal—as a provider of health care, employer, purchaser and investor—to combat disparities and ensure the <a href="https://www.northwell.edu/education-and-resources/community-engagement/center-for-equity-of-care" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">equity of care</a> that everyone deserves." </p><p>With the need recognized, Dr. Salas-Lopez calls for health care systems to travel upstream and be proactive in those hard-hit communities. This requires health care systems to play a strong role, but not a unilateral one. They must build <a href="https://www.northwell.edu/news/insights/faith-based-leaders-are-the-key-to-improving-community-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">partnerships with leaders in those communities</a> and utilize those to ensure relationships last beyond the current crisis. </p><p>"We must meet with community leaders and talk to them to get their perspective on what they believe the community needs are and should be for the future. Together, we can co-create a plan to measurably improve [community] health and also to be ready for whatever comes next," she said.</p><p>Northwell has built relationships with local faith-based and community organizations in underserved communities of color. Those partnerships enabled Northwell to test more than 65,000 people across the metro New York region. The health system also offered education on coronavirus and precautions to curb its spread.</p><p>These initiatives began the process of building trust—trust that Northwell has counted on to return to these communities to administer flu vaccines to prepare for what experts fear may be a difficult flu season.</p><p>While Northwell has begun building bridges across the divides of the New York area, much will still need to be done to cure U.S. health care overall. There is hope that the COVID pandemic will awaken us to the deep disparities in the US.</p><p>"COVID has changed our world. We have to seize this opportunity, this pandemic, this crisis to do better," Dr. Salas-Lopez said. "Provide better care. Provide better health. Be better partners. Be better community citizens. And treat each other with respect and dignity.</p><p>"We need to find ways to unify this country because we're all human beings. We're all created equal, and we believe that health is one of those important rights."</p>
Keep reading
Show less
Popular
Chernobyl fungus could shield astronauts from cosmic radiation
A recent study tested how well the fungi species Cladosporium sphaerospermum blocked cosmic radiation aboard the International Space Station.
03 August, 2020
C. sphaerospermum
Medmyco / Wikimedia Commons
Surprising Science
- Radiation is one of the biggest threats to astronauts' safety during long-term missions.
- C. sphaerospermum is known to thrive in high-radiation environments through a process called radiosynthesis.
- The results of the study suggest that a thin layer of the fungus could serve as an effective shield against cosmic radiation for astronauts.
<p>When astronauts return to the moon or travel to Mars, how will they shield themselves against high levels of cosmic radiation? A recent experiment aboard the International Space Station suggests a surprising solution: a radiation-eating fungus, which could be used as a self-replicating shield against gamma radiation in space.</p><p>The fungus is called <em>Cladosporium sphaerospermum</em>, an extremophile species that thrives in high-radiation areas like the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. For <em>C. sphaerospermum</em>, radiation isn't a threat — it's food. That's because the fungus is able to convert gamma radiation into chemical energy through a process called radiosynthesis. (Think of it like photosynthesis, but swap out sunlight for radiation.)</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus#:~:text=Radiotrophic%20fungi%20are%20fungi%20which,into%20chemical%20energy%20for%20growth." target="_blank">radiotrophic fungus</a> performs radiosynthesis by using melanin — the same pigment that gives color to our skin, hair and eyes — to convert X- and gamma rays into chemical energy. Scientists don't fully understand this process yet. But the study notes that it's "believed that large amounts of melanin in the cell walls of these fungi mediate electron-transfer and thus allow for a net energy gain."</p>
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzUzMDY1Mi9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyODExMzQwMH0.rY29j4PRZdxDnQNoZOC1uvl7fJBog0pIcAN-Mo32hO8/img.png?width=980" id="8dbfa" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="73d903cc5cb4beb22a981516510260b4" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" alt="Petri dishes containing fungi" />
Shunk et al.
<p>Additionally, the fungus is self-replicating, meaning astronauts would potentially be able to "grow" new radiation shielding on deep-space missions, instead of having to rely on a costly and complicated interplanetary supply chain.</p><p>Still, the researchers weren't sure whether <em>C. sphaerospermum</em> would survive on the space station. Nils J.H. Averesch, a co-author of the <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.205534v1.full.pdf" target="_blank">study published on the preprint server bioRxiv</a>, told <a href="https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/fungus-that-eats-radiation-could-be-cosmic-ray-shield" target="_blank">SYFY WIRE</a>:</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"While on Earth, most sources of radiation are gamma- and/or X-rays; radiation in space and on Mars (also known as GCR or galactic cosmic radiation) is of a completely different kind and involves highly energetic particles, mostly protons. This radiation is even more destructive than X- and gamma-rays, so not even survival of the fungus on the ISS was a given."</p><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzUzMDY2Mi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1NzM2MTk5OX0.9itVRaQ-O18I3xhLKLMV-TU9JPqGKUAcr2CRcOB0TEo/img.jpg?width=980" id="9c5dd" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="4bf6b4d563e31ec1427c5146680611b3" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" alt="Fungus in dish" />
C. sphaerospermum
<p>To test the "radio-resistance" of <em>C. sphaerospermum</em> in space, petri dishes containing a .06-inch layer of the fungus were exposed to cosmic radiation aboard the ISS. Dishes containing no fungus were exposed, too. The results showed that the fungus cut radiation levels by about 2 percent.</p><p>Extrapolating these results, the researchers estimated that a roughly 8-inch layer of <em>C. sphaerospermum</em> "could largely negate the annual dose-equivalent of the radiation environment on the surface of Mars." That would be a significant benefit to astronauts. After all, an astronaut who is one year into a Mars mission would have been exposed to roughly 66 times more radiation than the average person on Earth.</p><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzUzMDY2My9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1NzY3MzI0OH0.OKgKmgz2ffz7bCiU7B9Yeal_ia1wXPzcHZPOupZurGg/img.jpg?width=980" id="b07eb" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="9b0508619697790cb1e5ff2e4239d174" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" alt="ISS" />
International Space Station
NASA
<p>To be sure, the researchers said more research is needed, and that <em>C. sphaerospermum</em> would likely be used in combination with other radiation-shielding technology aboard spacecraft. But the findings highlight how relatively simple biotechnologies may offer outsized benefits on upcoming space missions.</p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"Often nature has already developed blindly obvious yet surprisingly effective solutions to engineering and design problems faced as humankind evolves – C. sphaerospermum and melanin could thus prove to be invaluable in providing adequate protection of explorers on future missions to the Moon, Mars and beyond," the researchers wrote.</p>
Keep reading
Show less
Bruce Lee: How to live successfully in a world with no rules
Shannon Lee shares lessons from her father in her new book, "Be Water, My Friend: The Teachings of Bruce Lee."
27 November, 2020
Bruce Lee: How to live successfully in a world with no rules ...
Videos
- Bruce Lee would have turned 80 years old on November 27, 2020. The legendary actor and martial artist's daughter, Shannon Lee, shares some of his wisdom and his philosophy on self help in a new book titled "Be Water, My Friend: The Teachings of Bruce Lee."
- In this video, Shannon shares a story of the fight that led to her father beginning a deeper philosophical journey, and how that informed his unique expression of martial arts called Jeet Kune Do.
- One lesson passed down from Bruce Lee was his use and placement of physical symbols as a way to help "cement for yourself this new way of being, or this new lesson you've learned." By working on ourselves (with the right tools), we can develop the skills necessary to rise and conquer new challenges.
<p class="media-headline"><br></p><div class="rm-shortcode amazon-assets-widget" data-rm-shortcode-id="a0aac8f5557c1669614b18b64a6ff222" contenteditable="false">
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1250206685?tag=bigthink00-20&linkCode=ogi&th=1&psc=1" target="_blank">
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/41RRzcypduL.jpg" class="amazon-assets-widget__image widget__image">
<div class="amazon-assets-widget__description">
<div class="amazon-assets-widget__title" style="display: block;">Be Water, My Friend: The Teachings of Bruce Lee</div>
<div class="amazon-assets-widget__by-amazon"><!-- <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1250206685?tag=bigthink00-20&linkCode=ogi&th=1&psc=1" target="_blank">by now at amazone</a> --></div>
<div class="amazon-assets-widget__list-price"><span class="grey">List Price: </span><span class="list-price">$19.67</span></div>
<div class="amazon-assets-widget__new-price"><span class="grey">New From: </span><span class="new-price">$18.12</span> <span class="grey">in Stock</span></div>
<div class="amazon-assets-widget__used-price"><span class="grey">Used From: </span><span class="used-price">$18.35</span> <span class="grey">in Stock</span></div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
Keep reading
Show less
3 reasons for information exhaustion – and what to do about it
How to deal with "epistemic exhaustion."
26 November, 2020
Photo by Filip Mishevski on Unsplash
Mind & Brain
An endless flow of information is coming at us constantly: It might be an article a friend shared on Facebook with a sensational headline or wrong information about the spread of the coronavirus.
<p> It could even be a call from a relative wanting to talk about a political issue. </p><p>All this information may leave many of us feeling as though we have no energy to engage. </p><p>As a <a href="https://clasprofiles.wayne.edu/profile/hf1190" target="_blank">philosopher</a> who studies <a href="https://philpeople.org/profiles/mark-satta" target="_blank">knowledge-sharing practices</a>, I call this experience “epistemic exhaustion." The term “epistemic" comes from the Greek word <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/" target="_blank">episteme</a>, often translated as “knowledge." So epistemic exhaustion is more of a knowledge-related exhaustion.</p><p>It is not knowledge itself that tires out many of us. Rather, it is the process of trying to gain or share knowledge under challenging circumstances. </p><p>Currently, there are at least three common sources that, from my perspective, are leading to such exhaustion. But there are also ways to deal with them. </p>
<h2>1. Uncertainty</h2><p>For many, this year has been full of uncertainty. In particular, the <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0141076820930665" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">coronavirus pandemic</a> has generated uncertainty about health, about best practices and about the future.</p><p>At the same time, Americans have faced <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/07/voters-anxiously-approach-an-unusual-election-and-its-potentially-uncertain-aftermath/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">uncertainty about the U.S. presidential election</a>: first due to delayed results and now over <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/23/us/politics/trump-power-transfer-2020-election.html?searchResultPosition=3" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">questions about a peaceful transition of power</a>.</p><p>Experiencing <a href="https://www.apa.org/topics/stress-uncertainty" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">uncertainty can stress most of us out</a>. People tend to prefer the planned and the predictable. Figures from 17th-century French philosopher <a href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/15537/1/Certainty%20and%20Explanation%20in%20Descartes%20HOPOS%20AcceptedFinal.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">René Descartes</a> to 20th-century Austrian philosopher <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/762159.On_Certainty" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> have recognized the significance of having certainty in our lives.</p><p>With information so readily available, people may be checking news sites or social media in hopes of finding answers. But often, people are instead greeted with more reminders of uncertainty.</p>
<h2>2. Polarization</h2><p>Political polarization <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/robert-barrett-phd/the-stress-from-political-polarization-is-killing-us-slowly_a_23350469/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">is stressing many Americans out</a>.</p><p>As political scientist <a href="https://gvpt.umd.edu/facultyprofile/mason/lilliana" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Lilliana Mason</a> notes in her book, "<a href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/U/bo27527354.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Uncivil Disagreement: How Politics Became Our Identity</a>," Americans have been increasingly dividing politically "into two partisan teams."</p><p>Many writers have discussed the <a href="https://theconversation.com/extreme-political-polarization-weakens-democracy-can-the-us-avoid-that-fate-105540" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">negative effects of polarization</a>, such as how it can damage democracy. But discussions about the harms of polarization often overlook the toll polarization takes on our ability to gain and share knowledge.</p><p>That can happen in at least two ways.</p><p>First, as philosopher <a href="https://www.kevinvallier.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kevin Vallier</a> has argued, there is a "<a href="https://www.kevinvallier.com/reconciled/low-trust-exacerbates-polarization/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">causal feedback loop</a>" between polarization and distrust. In other words, polarization and distrust fuel one another. Such a cycle can leave people feeling <a href="https://news.gallup.com/opinion/gallup/284357/polarization-may-undermine-community-bonds-trust-others.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">unsure whom to trust or what to believe</a>.</p><p>Second, polarization can lead to <a href="https://time.com/5907318/polarization-2020-election/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">competing narratives</a> because in a deeply polarized society, as studies show, we can <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/for/16/1/article-p47.xml" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">lose common ground</a> and tend to have less agreement.</p><p>For those inclined to take the views of others seriously, this can create additional cognitive work. And when the issues are heated or sensitive, this can create additional <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190926073348.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">stress and emotional burdens</a>, such as sadness over damaged friendships or anger over partisan rhetoric.</p>
<h2>3. Misinformation</h2><p>Viral misinformation is everywhere. This includes <a href="https://iop.harvard.edu/get-involved/study-groups/propaganda-today%E2%80%99s-american-politics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">political propaganda in the United States</a> and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/books/review/peter-pomerantsev-this-is-not-propaganda.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">around the world</a>.</p><p>People are also inundated with advertising and misleading messaging from private corporations, what philosophers <a href="http://cailinoconnor.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cailin O'Connor</a> and <a href="http://jamesowenweatherall.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">James Owen Weatherall</a> have called "<a href="https://heterodoxacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/062_Cailin_oConnor_How_False_Beliefs_Spread.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">industrial propaganda</a>." And in 2020, the public is also dealing with <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01452-z" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">misinformation about COVID-19</a>.</p><p>As chess grandmaster <a href="https://twitter.com/kasparov63/status/808750564284702720?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Garry Kasparov put it</a>: "The point of modern propaganda isn't only to misinform or push an agenda. It is to exhaust your critical thinking, to annihilate truth."</p><p>Misinformation is often exhausting by design. For example, <a href="https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-plandemic-and-the-seven-traits-of-conspiratorial-thinking-138483" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">a video that went viral,</a> "<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2020/05/08/why-its-important-to-push-back-on-plandemic-and-how-to-do-it/?sh=3e430c9e5fa3" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Plandemic</a>," featured a large number of false claims about COVID-19 in rapid succession. This flooding of misinformation in rapid succession, a tactic known as a <a href="https://www.vox.com/2016/9/26/13036258/donald-trump-debate-win-lies-preparation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gish gallop</a>, makes it challenging and time-consuming for fact checkers to refute the many falsehoods following one after another.</p>
<h2>What to do?</h2><p>With all this uncertainty, polarization and misinformation, feeling tired is understandable. But there are things one can do.</p><p>The American Psychological Association suggests <a href="https://www.apa.org/topics/stress-uncertainty" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">coping with uncertainty</a> through activities like limiting news consumption and focusing on things in one's control. Another option is to work on becoming more <a href="https://pemachodronfoundation.org/product/comfortable-with-uncertainty-book/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">comfortable with uncertainty</a> through practices such as meditation and the cultivation of mindfulness.</p><p>To deal with polarization, consider communicating with the goal of <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/phpr.12624" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">creating empathetic understanding</a> rather than "winning." Philosopher <a href="http://mjhannon.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Michael Hannon</a> describes empathetic understanding as "the ability to take up another person's perspective."</p><p>As for limiting the spread of misinformation: Share only those news stories that you've read and verified. And you can prioritize outlets that meet high ethical <a href="https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">journalistic</a> or <a href="https://www.poynter.org/ifcn-fact-checkers-code-of-principles/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">fact-checking standards</a>.</p><p>These solutions are limited and imperfect, but that's all right. Part of resisting epistemic exhaustion is learning to live with the limited and imperfect. No one has time to vet all the headlines, correct all the misinformation or gain all the relevant knowledge. To deny this is to set oneself up for exhaustion.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/149615/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation"></p><p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mark-satta-1173820" target="_blank">Mark Satta</a>, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/wayne-state-university-989" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wayne State University</a></em></p><p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/3-reasons-for-information-exhaustion-and-what-to-do-about-it-149615" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">original article</a>.</p>
<p class=""><br/></p>
Keep reading
Show less
Culture & Religion
Top 5 theories on the enigmatic monolith found in Utah desert
A strange object found in Utah desert has prompted worldwide speculation about its origins.
Scroll down to load more…
