What does Earth look like from across the Universe?

When you view anything at all in the Universe, you’re not seeing it precisely as it is right now: at the moment you experience seeing it. The speed of light, even though it’s the fastest speed that any signal can travel throughout the Universe, is still finite. No matter how close or distant an object is, you’re only seeing it as it was a particular amount of time ago: at the moment the now-arriving light was emitted from the object you’re observing. The fact that light has to travel through space, from the emitted object to the observer that sees it, explains why there’s a gap that we have to fill in through inference alone.

Every observer in the Universe, so long as they haven’t spent a large amount of time traveling close to the speed of light (or in an extraordinarily large gravitational field, such as just outside a black hole’s event horizon), will perceive “right now” as the same instant in time relative to the Big Bang: 13.8 billion years after that creation event. For nearby objects, the speed of light is great enough that the difference in time between source-and-observer can be neglected in most cases. But the farther away we look, the farther back in time, closer toward the instant of the Big Bang, we see.

This implies that, when a distant observer takes a look at Earth, they’re seeing us as we were in the past. Here’s what someone looking at our planet would conclude.

This illustration shows the position of NASA’s Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes, outside of the heliosphere, a protective bubble created by the Sun that extends well past the orbit of Pluto. Voyager 1 crossed the heliosphere’s boundary in 2012; Voyager 2 did the same in 2018. The asymmetric nature and extent of the bubble, particularly in the directions opposite the Voyager probes, have not been sufficiently quantified.

1.) From Voyager 1, our most distant human-made spacecraft.

At present, Voyager 1 is 157.8 astronomical units — or Earth-Sun distances — away from us: corresponding to 14.7 billion miles or 23.5 billion kilometers in more familiar terms. Launched in 1977, it’s taken 45 years to get to its present location, which is beyond the termination shock of our Solar System. It’s one of only 5 spacecraft that’s presently escaping from our Solar System, and will remain the most distant one for all-time unless we launch a new mission to overtake it.

And yet, from so far away — farther than any planet, moon, asteroid, or Kuiper belt object within our Solar System — its view of planet Earth is less than a day in the past: it sees us as we were just 21 hours and 46 minutes ago. An observer on the Moon sees us as we were ~1.25 seconds ago; one on Jupiter, presently at its closest in 59 years, sees us as we were ~33 minutes ago; one on Pluto, presently 5.1 billion kilometers (3.2 billion miles) away, sees us as we were ~4 hours and 44 minutes ago.

From anywhere in or even nearby our Solar System, the amount someone “looks back” in the past when they look at us is very small, particularly on a cosmic scale. Another, equivalent way to look at this is that even one light-year is a really, really long distance compared to the scale of our Solar System, a distance that Voyager 1 won’t cover for tens of thousands of years.

This image shows Sirius A and B, a bluer and brighter star than our Sun and a white dwarf star, respectively, as imaged by the Hubble space telescope. Sirius A, the main star, is an A class star (as opposed to our Sun being a G class star): twice as massive as the Sun, some ~4000 K hotter than the Sun at its photosphere, and about 25 times as intrinsically luminous as our Sun. Sirius B once had about five times the Sun’s mass, but is now less massive, as a white dwarf, than its surviving stellar companion.

2.) From Sirius, the brightest star in Earth’s night sky.

The stars within our own galaxy are the closest objects known outside of our own Solar System, with every individual star visible with the naked human eye coming from within the Milky Way. The brightest of them all, Sirius, is located 8.6 light-years away, meaning that, to a Sirian, Earth appears as it did in early February of 2014.

Barack Obama is president of the United States. Scotland is about to vote on whether it will remain part of the United Kingdom. Ukraine’s pro-Russian president, Viktor Yanukovich, has just resigned from office and fled the country. ISIS poses a burgeoning threat in Iraq and Syria. And the first cases of Ebola are occurring in Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone.

And, although it’s temporary, the atmospheric carbon dioxide level still dips below 400 parts-per-million during the winter. A sufficiently advanced Sirian could listen to our cultural products, detect our climate-and-weather patterns, decode our broadcasts, and determine our level of technological advancement. Two-way communication, if they chose to respond to our presence, could be established in a mere 17 years.

The exoplanet TOI 700d is the first known rocky exoplanet located in the habitable zone of its parent star, as discovered by the TESS mission. It’s located 101.6 light-years away, and may just be detecting Earth’s first radio broadcasts. The transit method is the most successful planet-finding method to date.

3.) From TOI 700, the first stellar system with an Earth-sized exoplanet discovered in its habitable zone.

It just so happens that TOI 700, presently known to host at least 3 (and maybe 4) exoplanets, is located 101.6 light-years away from Earth. The innermost planet is rocky, the second planet is likely a smaller, warmer version of Neptune, and the third exoplanet from its parent star, TOI 700d, is about 70% more massive and 19% larger in radius than Earth. (If TOI 700 e is real, it’s also rocky, and interior to TOI 700d, changing its status to the 4th exoplanet from its parent star.)

On this world, Earth appears as it does just after the end of the year 1920. The very first radio broadcasts from our planet are just arriving in the TOI 700 system, beginning with station 8MK from Detroit, Michigan. The CO2 levels in Earth’s atmosphere have barely crested the 300 parts-per-million level, sitting at 303. The beginning of the transformation of our atmosphere from industrial activity would be detectable from this exoplanet. 85% of Earth’s surface is still wilderness; only 15% has been modified, largely for food production. Earth is definitely inhabited, and the first signatures that a technologically advanced species lives upon it are appearing. A round-trip message would take more than 2 centuries; in a single human lifetime, you’d never live to hear a response to a sent message.

The Large Magellanic Cloud is home to the closest supernova of the last century, having occurred in 1987. The pink regions here are not artificial, but are signals of ionized hydrogen and active star formation, likely triggered by gravitational interactions and tidal forces. The pink regions specifically arise when electrons fall back onto ionized hydrogen nuclei, and transition from the n=3 to the n=2 energy level, producing photons of precisely 656.3 nm.

4.) From the Large Magellanic Cloud, the closest intact galaxy beyond the Milky Way.

Once we go beyond the stars in our own galaxy, we’re talking about much longer distances and much farther lookback times. The Large Magellanic Cloud has about 10 billion stars in it, and although the full extent of its stars spans about 32,000 light-years across, it’s an impressive 160,000 light-years away. From the perspective of this galaxy, the Milky Way would look vast and impressive, taking up 30-to-60 degrees on the sky, depending on how faint your skies and how good your eyes can get.

An observer looking at Earth would see our planet as it was 160,000 years ago. Homo sapiens had already evolved, but weren’t the only members of our genus on the planet, as our direct ancestors were joined by the neanderthals, the denisovians, and possibly by the final surviving members of Homo erectus. Our planet would be rich with signs of life, including complex and differentiated life, but the planet was completely in a pre-technological state. Earth was nearly 80,000 years into a long-duration ice age: the penultimate ice age before the rise of human civilization. From an outside perspective in the Large Magellanic Cloud, there’s no known way that the presence of intelligence on Earth could have been identified.

This full-scale view of the Andromeda Galaxy, M31, showcases its star-forming regions lining its spiral arms, its dust lanes, and its central, gas-poor region. Unlike the Milky Way, Andromeda lacks a prominent central bar. This image is a fairly close approximation of what human eyes would see if they could make out these details in Andromeda.

5.) From the Andromeda galaxy, the largest galaxy within the Local Group.

Now we’re really talking about someone looking at our planet as it was a long time ago. Andromeda lies approximately 2.5 million light-years away: the only galaxy in the Local Group more massive and with more stars than our own Milky Way. Someone present in Andromeda right now would see our planet as it was 2.5 million years ago: long before the emergence of modern humans.

In fact, an Andromedean would be able to see the very dawn of the Paleolithic era: where human ancestors first began using Stone Age tools. In addition to fires caused by heat, lightning strikes, and volcanic eruptions, there would be fires at night started by our hominid ancestors: the first members of the genus Homo but prior to the emergence of Homo habilis. For more than a million years, our ancestors live alongside member of the genus Australopithecus on the African continent exclusively: the only places these unique “night fires” would occur. Giant, long-lasting eruptions occurred during this time on Earth, including Mount Kenya, Little Barrier Island, Norfolk Island, and Boring Lava Field, launching hundreds or even thousands of cubic kilometers of ejecta into the atmosphere: comparable to the Yellowstone Caldera or the great eruption of Lake Toba.

The second-largest black hole as seen from Earth, the one at the center of the galaxy M87, is shown in three views here. At the top is optical from Hubble, at the lower-left is radio from NRAO, and at the lower-right is X-ray from Chandra. These differing views have different resolutions dependent on the optical sensitivity, wavelength of light used, and size of the telescope mirrors used to observe them. These are all examples of radiation emitted from the regions around black holes, demonstrating that black holes aren’t so black, after all.

6.) From Messier 87, the most massive galaxy at the center of the nearest (Virgo) cluster of galaxies.

Now we’re really getting somewhere. Some 55-60 million light-years away lies the center of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. With about 1000 times the mass of the Milky Way, it’s the closest enormous collection of galaxies in the Universe relative to our location. The very first black hole ever directly imaged was at the center of the giant elliptical galaxy, Messier 87, which sits at the heart of this galaxy cluster. The light we observe from it comes from ~55-60 million years ago, and hence, an observer there would see Earth as it was that amount of time ago.

The planet is well into a period of recovery from a fantastic mass extinction event: the giant Chicxulub impact that led to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred 5-10 million years previously. Almost all of the largest plant and animal species on Earth were driven to extinction, including all of the non-avian dinosaurs and all of the flying reptiles. Mammals, small creatures previously, began to rapidly grow, with the Eohippus, ancestor of the horse, first emerging during this time. Small carnivores like Ankalagon and the tree-climbing Chriacus dominated the land: early examples of hoofed mammals. Marsupials and placental mammals evolved alongside one another, as a separated Pangaea began to split the great, ancient ocean into two separate waters divided by the Americas.

Earth would clearly show itself as a living, inhabited world, albeit one very different in both land masses and atmospheric composition than the one we recognize. Saturn, a signpost in our Solar System, would have larger and more massive rings than we see today.

Quasar 3C 273, shown as it appears in the optical (left) and with a coronagraph applied to the bright central source (right), is a galaxy located 1.99 billion light-years away. It is the brightest quasar in Earth’s night sky, and was the first quasar ever to be identified.

7.) From 3C 273, the first quasar ever found and also the brightest quasar in our night sky.

Now, we’re talking about really really large cosmic distances. The first quasar ever seen — a QUAsi-StellAr-Radio source — we now know that this object is an active supermassive black hole at the center of a distant galaxy. Although it’s located more than 2 billion light-years from us, the light we see from it has only been in transit for 1.99 billion years, as the expansion of the Universe has stretched the space between ourselves and this far-flung galaxy while the light completes its journey.

Someone observing the Milky Way from such a great distance, if they could somehow manage to make out our planet, would see Earth as it was nearly 2 billion years ago. After recovering from the great Huronian glaciation, which lasted 300 million years but ended 2.2 billion years ago, the oxygen levels on Earth began to rise to the few-percent level for the first time. Eukaryotes begin to emerge on Earth, with cells now containing enclosed, separated organelles to carry out individual functions within a cell. Photosynthetic organisms like cyanobacteria and blue-green algae persist, while carbon dioxide levels drop to just a few percent. Earth’s early atmosphere, rich in methane and ammonia, is gone entirely.

Planet Earth is definitely alive, as an atmospheric analysis would reveal, but signs of complex, differentiated, or intelligent life is non-existed. Earth is just another world with successful, but ultimately simple, forms of life. Saturn, meanwhile, would have been ringless like the other giant planets: a condition that would persist for the next ~1.8 billion years.

Galaxy 3C 295, at the center of the galaxy cluster ClG J1411+5211, is shown with a composite X-ray/optical view in purple, with the X-rays blown up to reveal the central radio and X-ray loud core. At 5.6 billion light-years away, this was the most distant object known in the Universe from 1960-1964. Only with X-ray or radio telescopes, or with an enormous optical telescope, would the first extragalactic objects from MCG+01-02-015’s perspective be detectable.

8.) From galaxy 3C 295, the last galaxy to hold the record (1960-1964) for “most distant object known” until galaxies re-took the record from quasars in 1997.

In 1960, the galaxy 3C 295 was discovered. Appearing to recede from us at about 35% the speed of light, it’s presently located about 5.6 billion light-years away, with the light arriving now having been emitted 4.5 billion years ago.

In some young star cluster within the Milky Way galaxy, about 27,000 light-years from the galactic center, a new star system has just emerged within the last 60 million years. The young, cool star is orbited by four inner planets, one of which has just formed a large moon in the aftermath of a giant impact, followed by an asteroid belt, four gas giants, a Kuiper belt, and an Oort cloud. Pluto is only the second largest member of the Kuiper belt, as it’s dwarfed by Triton, a world that will someday be captured by Neptune.

Planet Earth, this early on, likely has a volatile early atmosphere, dominated by hydrogen, helium, water vapor, ammonia, and methane. So, very likely, did Mars and Venus. Life might already be emerging on any or all of these young worlds, but an external observer would have no identifiable signatures to look for. Until biological activity begins transforming the atmosphere, surface, or waters of this world in a measurable way, it will look like any other rocky planet in the Universe: unremarkable and uninhabited. Someone watching Earth from this vantage point would have no way of predicting that intelligent life would someday emerge on this water-rich world.

Here in our own Solar System, a single star anchors the system, where inner, rocky planets, an intermediate-distance asteroid belt, and then more distant gas giant planets eventually give way to the Kuiper belt and Oort cloud. Only around stars that have formed with a large enough fraction of heavy elements from the lives and deaths of previous generations of stars can rocky worlds, the only home for life that we know of, come into existence.

And that’s it. Anyone looking at the Milky Way from farther away than that would be unable to see planet Earth, because our planet, parent star, and entire Solar System had not yet formed. Given that it’s 46 billion light-years to the edge of the observable Universe, that means that only 0.18% of the stars and galaxies existing today, within our observable Universe, could even see the Milky Way at a time when planet Earth had been created. Of the some ~20 trillion galaxies within the observable Universe, a whopping 19.962 trillion of them would have no way of even knowing that our home world existed.

Human beings, the only intelligent, advanced civilization known to us, have only been around for a couple of hundred thousand years. Only the few thousand nearest star systems would know that we’ve become technologically advanced; only those within our home galaxy and slightly outside of it could even know of our existence. And yet, despite the brevity of our collective existence, we’ve been able to explore, probe, and observe huge swaths of the Universe going all the way back to the earliest moments of the hot Big Bang. For a lonely species on a pale blue dot amidst the great cosmic ocean, that’s perhaps our greatest achievement of all.