General Relativity

General Relativity

black hole central singularity
Yes, "the laws of physics break down" at singularities. But relativity itself would have to be wrong for black holes to not possess them.
A chart showing the masses of black holes and neutron stars detected by LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA, highlighting how gravitational wave astronomy has become a mature science. Masses are plotted in solar masses on a logarithmic scale.
In 2016, humanity announced our first successful gravitational wave detection. 10 years and 389 events later, here's how far we've come.
colliding black holes
Many people, now with LLM assistance, regularly claim to discover game-changing revolutions. Scientists don't buy it. You shouldn't either.
Six square images show different spiral galaxies: NGC 5247, Messier 100, NGC 1300, NGC 4030, NGC 2987, and NGC 1232, each with bright centers and spiral arms.
At and beyond the current frontiers of knowledge, many physicists have strongly held opinions. Can surveys point the way to breakthroughs?
A cartoon tooth fairy holds a tooth and magic wand, standing before colorful cosmic microwave background maps, blending whimsy with the wonders of theoretical physics.
Theoretical physics is notorious for wild ideas that seem, at first, to be nonsensical fantasies. That's where the tooth fairy comes in.
Illustration of multiple spiral galaxies and stars being pulled toward a central black hole in deep space, with blue and purple light streaks tracing the motion along a dark energy curve that shapes the universe.
Today, in the here-and-now, a full 13.8 billion years have elapsed since the start of the hot Big Bang. But would that be true for everyone?
two particles different wavelength speed of light
Contrary to common experience, not everything needs a medium to travel through. Overcoming that assumption removes the need for an aether.
universe bulk volume brane dimension
For decades, theorists have been cooking up "theories of everything" to explain our Universe. Are all of them completely off-track?
Image of a galaxy cluster with bright yellow galaxies at the center, surrounded by blue regions representing dark matter in deep space—a striking view often used for dark matter cosmic test MOND studies.
On cosmic scales, only dark matter (or something equivalent) gives us the Universe we observe. Now, the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect agrees.
A person sits on a chair against a white backdrop with abstract black dotted patterns, set against a yellow background.
1hr 16mins
NASA astronomer Michelle Thaller makes the case that quantum entanglement may be the underlying fabric from which spacetime itself emerges. 
We have two descriptions of the Universe that work perfectly well: general relativity and quantum physics. Too bad they don't work together.
color charge color anticolor
When what we predict and what we measure don't add up, that's a sign there's something new to learn. Could it be a new fundamental force?
Standard Model particles symmetry
The combination of charge conjugation, parity, and time-reversal symmetry is known as CPT. And it must never be broken. Ever.
travel straight line
In theory, the fabric of space could have been curved in any way imaginable. So why is the Universe flat when we measure it?
Binary black holes eventually inspiral and merge. That's why the OJ 287 system is destined for the most energetic event in history.
wormholes
Nothing lives forever, at least, not in the known Universe. But relativity allows us to get closer than ever: from a physics perspective.
Millikan Lemaitre and Einstein
Not everyone accepts the scientific consensus; some even make careers out of challenging it. But only a select few do it the right way.
A man sits on a chair against a white backdrop, with a background featuring repeated vintage images of a person riding a horse.
1hr 19mins
Theoretical physicist Jim Al-Khalili explores why our sense of time may be incredibly misleading, including the idea that past, present, and future might all exist at once.
black hole
Quantum entanglement links information between particles across space and time. So what happens when one of them falls into a black hole?
Visualization of the timeline of the universe, from the beginning big bang to the present.
The Universe is expanding, the expansion is accelerating, and some galaxies even recede faster-than-light. Can we see a change in real time?
einstein
Even the most brilliant mind in history couldn't have achieved all he did without significant help from the minds of others.
Two bright celestial objects, including the brightest planet, shine in the night sky, partially obscured by clouds and surrounded by smaller, faint stars.
Even at its faintest, Venus always outshines every other star and planet that's visible from Earth, and then some!
Our great hope is that today's indirect, astrophysical evidence will someday lead to successful direct detection. What if that's impossible?
Raisin bread expanding Universe
Even in an expanding Universe, we expect both redshifted and blueshifted galaxies. But nearly every one we see is redshifted. Here's why.
An elderly woman wearing glasses, a black hat, and a patterned scarf smiles while seated indoors—reminiscent of Gladys West, the Einstein behind GPS technology.
Two main contributors enabled our modern global positioning system (GPS): Albert Einstein and Gladys West. Here's how she made it happen.
Many view the development of fringe, alternative theories as a useless waste of time. But when they can be tested, it shows what reality is.
A deep space image shows numerous distant galaxies and stars against a dark background, including several bright spots shaped by a gravitational lens cross, with diffuse light sources scattered throughout.
Gravitational lenses arise when foreground masses and background light sources properly align. Einstein rings are rare, but crosses abound.
black hole
It's not about particle-antiparticle pairs falling into or escaping from a black hole. A deeper explanation alters our view of reality.
Diagram showing light from a distant galaxy bending around a red-hued massive object, reaching telescopes on Earth via different paths and at different times.
The VENUS survey isn't about planets at all, but about finding multiply-lensed supernovae. The ambition? To save the expanding Universe.
A black and white image of a ball in antigravity motion.
In general relativity, matter and energy curve spacetime, which we experience as gravity. Why can't there be an "antigravity" force?