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‘Apollo 11 in Real Time’ website replays every second of historic mission
July 16, 2019 marks the 50th anniversary of the mission that first landed a man on the Moon.

- The website includes lets viewers experience the mission through 11,000 hours of audio, thousands of photographs and multiple camera angles.
- Apollo 11 lasted just over eight days.
- Only 12 men have walked on the Moon so far. NASA plans to return to the lunar surface in 2024.
Today — July 16, 2019 — marks the 50th anniversary of the launch of Apollo 11, the mission that first landed a man on the Moon. Hundreds of Apollo-themed celebrations are happening across the U.S. this week, from museum exhibits to choreographed miniature rocket launches to tours of the newly restored Apollo Mission Control Room. But one of the most interesting commemorations of the historic mission is happening online.
Apollo 11 in Real Time is a "mission experience" a website, created by Ben Feist, that replays the Apollo 11 mission second by second, starting with archival footage and audio taken 20 hours before launch, and ending just after Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins step onto the USS Hornet recovery ship. The website lets viewers switch between multiple camera angles and also includes:
- All mission control film footage
- All TV transmissions and onboard film footage
- 2,000 photographs
- 11,000 hours of Mission Control audio
- 240 hours of space-to-ground audio
- All onboard recorder audio
- 15,000 searchable utterances
- Post-mission commentary
- Astromaterials sample data
"With the help of archivist Stephen Slater, the website is the most complete presentation of the mission's historical film footage ever assembled," Feist told CollectSpace.com. "It contains all of the 16mm film that was scanned for the recent documentary, 'Apollo 11.' Much of this film has had sound added to it for the first time — painstakingly lip synced with the restored mission control audio that was just digitized."
Feist said viewers are virtually guaranteed to see and hear things they've never heard before.
"Running through the entire mission is very rewarding," he said. "You really get to know the personalities of the crew and controllers. It feels very current — as though it's happening right now.
During the anniversary, clicking the 'Now' launch button will drop you into the mission exactly 50 years later, to the second...If I had my way, all of humanity would take a moment out of their busy lives, tune in and marvel at the scale of what humanity can achieve when we all work together."
After blasting off from the Kennedy Space Center on the Saturn V rocket, the Apollo 11 spent three days traveling to the Moon, entering lunar orbit on July 19. But only Aldrin and Armstrong were headed for the lunar surface in NASA's lunar module called the Eagle, while Collins stayed aboard the Columbia — a task he felt honored to perform but still made him feel "absolutely isolated from any known life."
"I am it. If a count were taken, the score would be three billion plus two over on the other side of the Moon, and one plus God knows what on this side."
Apollo lunar landing mission profile, 1969.
Science & Society Picture Library / GETTY
Armstrong and Aldrin spent more than two hours on the lunar surface, collecting ground samples and deploying scientific equipment, before launching off the Moon in the Eagle's ascent stage, eventually rejoining Collins aboard the Columbia. The trio finally returned to Earth on July 24, having spent more than eight days in space. For a more detailed look at the mission, check out NASA's Apollo 11 mission timeline listed below:
Apollo 11 Timeline
Event | GET (hhh:mm:ss) | GMT Time | GMT Date |
Terminal countdown started. | -028:00:00 | 21:00:00 | 14 Jul 1969 |
Scheduled 11-hour hold at T-9 hours. | -009:00:00 | 16:00:00 | 15 Jul 1969 |
Countdown resumed at T-9 hours. | -009:00:00 | 03:00:00 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Scheduled 1-hour 32-minute hold at T-3 hours 30 minutes. | -003:30:00 | 08:30:00 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Countdown resumed at T-3 hours 30 minutes. | -003:30:00 | 10:02:00 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Guidance reference release. | -000:00:16.968 | 13:31:43 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IC engine start command. | -000:00:08.9 | 13:31:51 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IC engine ignition (#5). | -000:00:06.4 | 13:31:53 | 16 Jul 1969 |
All S-IC engines thrust OK. | -000:00:01.6 | 13:31:58 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Range zero. | 000:00:00.00 | 13:32:00 | 16 Jul 1969 |
All holddown arms released (1st motion). | 000:00:00.3 | 13:32:00 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Liftoff (umbilical disconnected) (1.07 g). | 000:00:00.63 | 13:32:00 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Tower clearance yaw maneuver started. | 000:00:01.7 | 13:32:01 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Yaw maneuver ended. | 000:00:09.7 | 13:32:09 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Pitch and roll maneuver started. | 000:00:13.2 | 13:32:13 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Roll maneuver ended. | 000:00:31.1 | 13:32:31 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Mach 1 achieved. | 000:01:06.3 | 13:33:06 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Maximum dynamic pressure (735.17 lb/ft2). | 000:01:23.0 | 13:33:23 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Maximum bending moment (33,200,000 lbf-in). | 000:01:31.5 | 13:33:31 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IC center engine cutoff command. | 000:02:15.2 | 13:34:15 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Pitch maneuver ended. | 000:02:40.0 | 13:34:40 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IC outboard engine cutoff. | 000:02:41.63 | 13:34:41 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IC maximum total inertial acceleration (3.94 g). | 000:02:41.71 | 13:34:41 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IC maximum Earth-fixed velocity. S-IC/S-II separation command. | 000:02:42.30 | 13:34:42 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-II engine start command. | 000:02:43.04 | 13:34:43 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-II ignition. | 000:02:44.0 | 13:34:44 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-II aft interstage jettisoned. | 000:03:12.3 | 13:35:12 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Launch escape tower jettisoned. | 000:03:17.9 | 13:35:17 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Iterative guidance mode initiated. | 000:03:24.1 | 13:35:24 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IC apex. | 000:04:29.1 | 13:36:29 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-II center engine cutoff. | 000:07:40.62 | 13:39:40 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-II maximum total inertial acceleration (1.82 g). | 000:07:40.70 | 13:39:40 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IC impact (theoretical). | 000:09:03.7 | 13:41:03 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-II outboard engine cutoff. | 000:09:08.22 | 13:41:08 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-II maximum Earth-fixed velocity. S-II/S-IVB separation command. | 000:09:09.00 | 13:41:09 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB 1st burn start command. | 000:09:09.20 | 13:41:09 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB 1st burn ignition. | 000:09:12.20 | 13:41:12 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB ullage case jettisoned. | 000:09:21.0 | 13:41:21 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-II apex. | 000:09:47.0 | 13:41:47 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff. | 000:11:39.33 | 13:43:39 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB 1st burn maximum total inertial acceleration (0.69 g). | 000:11:39.41 | 13:43:39 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Earth orbit insertion. S-IVB 1st burn maximum Earth-fixed velocity. | 000:11:49.33 | 13:43:49 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Maneuver to local horizontal attitude started. | 000:11:59.3 | 13:43:59 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Orbital navigation started. | 000:13:21.1 | 13:45:21 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-II impact (theoretical). | 000:20:13.7 | 13:52:13 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB 2nd burn restart preparation. | 002:34:38.2 | 16:06:38 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB 2nd burn restart command. | 002:44:08.2 | 16:16:08 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB 2nd burn ignition (STDV open). | 002:44:16.2 | 16:16:16 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB 2nd burn cutoff. | 002:50:03.03 | 16:22:03 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB 2nd burn maximum total inertial acceleration (1.45 g). | 002:50:03.11 | 16:22:03 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB 2nd burn maximum Earth-fixed velocity. | 002:50:03.5 | 16:22:03 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB safing procedures started. | 002:50:03.8 | 16:22:03 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Translunar injection. | 002:50:13.03 | 16:22:13 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Maneuver to local horizontal attitude started. | 002:50:23.0 | 16:22:23 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Orbital navigation started. | 002:50:23.9 | 16:22:23 | 16 Jul 1969 |
Maneuver to transposition and docking attitude started. | 003:05:03.9 | 16:37:03 | 16 Jul 1969 |
CSM separated from S-IVB. | 003:15:23.0 | 16:47:23 | 16 Jul 1969 |
CSM separation maneuver ignition. | 003:17:04.6 | 16:49:04 | 16 Jul 1969 |
CSM separation maneuver cutoff. | 003:17:11.7 | 16:49:11 | 16 Jul 1969 |
CSM docked with LM/S-IVB. | 003:24:03.7 | 16:56:03 | 16 Jul 1969 |
CSM/LM ejected from S-IVB. | 004:17:03.0 | 17:49:03 | 16 Jul 1969 |
CSM/LM evasive maneuver from S-IVB ignition. | 004:40:01.72 | 18:12:01 | 16 Jul 1969 |
CSM/LM evasive maneuver from S-IVB cutoff. | 004:40:04.65 | 18:12:04 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB maneuver to lunar slingshot attitude initiated. | 004:41:07.6 | 18:13:07 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB lunar slingshot maneuver - LH2 tank CVS opened. | 004:51:07.7 | 18:23:07 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB lunar slingshot maneuver - LOX dump started. | 005:03:07.6 | 18:35:07 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB lunar slingshot maneuver - LOX dump ended. | 005:04:55.8 | 18:36:55 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB lunar slingshot maneuver - APS ignition. | 005:37:47.6 | 19:09:47 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB lunar slingshot maneuver - APS cutoff. | 005:42:27.8 | 19:14:27 | 16 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB maneuver to communications attitude initiated. | 005:42:48.8 | 19:14:48 | 16 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission started (recorded at Goldstone and transmitted to Houston at 011:26). | 010:32 | 00:04 | 17 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission ended. | 010:48 | 00:20 | 17 Jul 1969 |
Midcourse correction ignition. | 026:44:58.64 | 16:16:58 | 17 Jul 1969 |
Midcourse correction cutoff. | 026:45:01.77 | 16:17:01 | 17 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission started. | 030:28 | 20:00 | 17 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission ended. | 031:18 | 20:50 | 17 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission started. | 033:59 | 23:31 | 17 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission ended. | 034:35 | 00:07 | 18 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission started. | 055:08 | 20:40 | 18 Jul 1969 |
CDR and LMP entered LM for initial inspection. | 055:30 | 21:02 | 18 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission ended. | 056:44 | 22:16 | 18 Jul 1969 |
CDR and LMP entered CM. | 057:55 | 23:27 | 18 Jul 1969 |
Equigravisphere. | 061:39:55 | 03:11:55 | 19 Jul 1969 |
Lunar orbit insertion ignition. | 075:49:50.37 | 17:21:50 | 19 Jul 1969 |
Lunar orbit insertion cutoff. | 075:55:47.90 | 17:27:47 | 19 Jul 1969 |
Sighting of an illumination in the Aristarchus region. 1st time, a lunar transient event sighted by an observer in space. | 077:13 | 18:45 | 19 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission started. | 078:20 | 19:52 | 19 Jul 1969 |
S-IVB closest approach to lunar surface. | 078:42 | 20:14 | 19 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission ended. | 079:00 | 20:32 | 19 Jul 1969 |
Lunar orbit circularization ignition. | 080:11:36.75 | 21:43:36 | 19 Jul 1969 |
Lunar orbit circularization cutoff. | 080:11:53.63 | 21:43:53 | 19 Jul 1969 |
LMP entered CM for initial power-up and system checks. | 081:10 | 22:42 | 19 Jul 1969 |
LMP entered CM. | 083:35 | 01:07 | 20 Jul 1969 |
CDR and LMP entered LM for final preparations for descent. | 095:20 | 12:52 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LMP entered CM. | 097:00 | 14:32 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LMP entered LM. | 097:30 | 15:02 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM system checks started. | 097:45 | 15:17 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM system checks ended. | 100:00 | 17:32 | 20 Jul 1969 |
CSM/LM undocked. | 100:12:00.0 | 17:44:00 | 20 Jul 1969 |
CSM/LM separation maneuver ignition. | 100:39:52.9 | 18:11:52 | 20 Jul 1969 |
CSM/LM separation maneuver cutoff. | 100:40:01.9 | 18:12:01 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM descent orbit insertion ignition (LM SPS). | 101:36:14 | 19:08:14 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM descent orbit insertion cutoff. | 101:36:44 | 19:08:44 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM acquisition of data. | 102:17:17 | 19:49:17 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM landing radar on. | 102:20:53 | 19:52:53 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM abort guidance aligned to primary guidance. | 102:24:40 | 19:56:40 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM yaw maneuver to obtain improved communications. | 102:27:32 | 19:59:32 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM altitude 50,000 feet. | 102:32:55 | 20:04:55 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM propellant settling firing started. | 102:32:58 | 20:04:58 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM powered descent engine ignition. | 102:33:05.01 | 20:05:05 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM fixed throttle position. | 102:33:31 | 20:05:31 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM face-up maneuver completed. | 102:37:59 | 20:09:59 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM 1202 alarm. | 102:38:22 | 20:10:22 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM radar updates enabled. | 102:38:45 | 20:10:45 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM altitude less than 30,000 feet and velocity less than 2,000 feet per second (landing radar velocity update started). | 102:38:50 | 20:10:50 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM 1202 alarm. | 102:39:02 | 20:11:02 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM throttle recovery. | 102:39:31 | 20:11:31 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM approach phase entered. | 102:41:32 | 20:13:32 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM landing radar antenna to position 2. | 102:41:37 | 20:13:37 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM attitude hold mode selected (check of LM handling qualities). | 102:41:53 | 20:13:53 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM automatic guidance enabled. | 102:42:03 | 20:14:03 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM 1201 alarm. | 102:42:18 | 20:14:18 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM landing radar switched to low scale. | 102:42:19 | 20:14:19 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM 1202 alarm. | 102:42:43 | 20:14:43 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM 1202 alarm. | 102:42:58 | 20:14:58 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM landing point redesignation. | 102:43:09 | 20:15:09 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM altitude hold. | 102:43:13 | 20:15:13 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM abort guidance attitude updated. | 102:43:20 | 20:15:20 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM rate of descent landing phase entered. | 102:43:22 | 20:15:22 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM landing radar data not good. | 102:44:11 | 20:16:11 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM landing data good. | 102:44:21 | 20:16:21 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM fuel low-level quantity light. | 102:44:28 | 20:16:28 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM landing radar data not good. | 102:44:59 | 20:16:59 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM landing radar data good. | 102:45:03 | 20:17:03 | 20 Jul 1969 |
1st evidence of surface dust disturbed by descent engine. | 102:44:35 | 20:16:35 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM lunar landing. | 102:45:39.9 | 20:17:39 | 20 Jul 1969 |
LM powered descent engine cutoff. | 102:45:41.40 | 20:17:41 | 20 Jul 1969 |
Decision made to proceed with EVA prior to first rest period. | 104:40:00 | 22:12:00 | 20 Jul 1969 |
Preparation for EVA started. | 106:11:00 | 23:43:00 | 20 Jul 1969 |
EVA started (hatch open). | 109:07:33 | 02:39:33 | 21 Jul 1969 |
CDR completely outside LM on porch. | 109:19:16 | 02:51:16 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Modular equipment stowage assembly deployed (CDR). | 109:21:18 | 02:53:18 | 21 Jul 1969 |
First clear TV picture received. | 109:22:00 | 02:54:00 | 21 Jul 1969 |
CDR at foot of ladder (starts to report, then pauses to listen). | 109:23:28 | 02:55:28 | 21 Jul 1969 |
CDR at foot of ladder and described surface as "almost like a powder." | 109:23:38 | 02:55:38 | 21 Jul 1969 |
1st step taken lunar surface (CDR). "That's one small step for a man…one giant leap for mankind." | 109:24:15 | 02:56:15 | 21 Jul 1969 |
CDR started surface examination and description, assessed mobility and described effects of LM descent engine. | 109:24:48 | 02:56:48 | 21 Jul 1969 |
CDR ended surface examination. LMP started to send down camera. | 109:26:54 | 02:58:54 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Camera installed on RCU bracket, LEC stored on secondary strut of LM landing gear. | 109:30:23 | 03:02:23 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Surface photography (CDR). | 109:30:53 | 03:02:53 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Contingency sample collection started (CDR). | 109:33:58 | 03:05:58 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Contingency sample collection ended (CDR). | 109:37:08 | 03:09:08 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LMP started egress from LM. | 109:39:57 | 03:11:57 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LMP at top of ladder. Descent photographed by CDR. | 109:41:56 | 03:13:56 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LMP on lunar surface. | 109:43:16 | 03:15:16 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Surface examination and examination of landing effects on surface and on LM started (CDR, LMP). | 109:43:47 | 03:15:47 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Insulation removed from modular equipment stowage assembly (CDR). | 109:49:06 | 03:21:06 | 21 Jul 1969 |
TV camera focal distance adjusted (CDR). | 109:51:35 | 03:23:35 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Plaque unveiled (CDR). | 109:52:19 | 03:24:19 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Plaque read (CDR). | 109:52:40 | 03:24:40 | 21 Jul 1969 |
TV camera redeployed. Panoramic TV view started (CDR). | 109:59:28 | 03:31:28 | 21 Jul 1969 |
TV camera placed in final deployment position (CDR). | 110:02:53 | 03:34:53 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Solar wind composition experiment deployed (LMP). | 110:03:20 | 03:35:20 | 21 Jul 1969 |
United States flag deployed (CDR, LMP). | 110:09:43 | 03:41:43 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Evaluation of surface mobility started (LMP). | 110:13:15 | 03:45:15 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Evaluation of surface mobility end (LMP). | 110:16:02 | 03:48:02 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Presidential message from White House and response from CDR. | 110:16:30 | 03:48:30 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Presidential message and CDR response ended. | 110:18:21 | 03:50:21 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Evaluation of trajectory of lunar soil when kicked (LMP) and bulk sample collection started (CDR). | 110:20:06 | 03:52:06 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Evaluation of visibility in lunar sunlight (LMP). | 110:10:24 | 03:42:24 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Evaluation of thermal effects of sun and shadow inside the suit (LMP). | 110:25:09 | 03:57:09 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Evaluation of surface shadows and colors (LMP). | 110:28:22 | 04:00:22 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LM landing gear inspection and photography (LMP). | 110:34:13 | 04:06:13 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Bulk sample completed (CDR). | 110:35:36 | 04:07:36 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LM landing gear inspection and photography (CDR, LMP). | 110:46:36 | 04:18:36 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Scientific equipment bay doors opened. | 110:53:38 | 04:25:38 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Passive seismometer deployed. | 110:55:42 | 04:27:42 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Lunar ranging retroreflector deployed (CDR). | 111:03:57 | 04:35:57 | 21 Jul 1969 |
1st passive seismic experiment data received on Earth. | 111:08:39 | 04:40:39 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Collection of documented samples started (CDR/LMP). | 111:11 | 04:43 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Solar wind composition experiment retrieved (LMP) . | 111:20 | 04:52 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LMP inside LM. | 111:29:39 | 05:01:39 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Transfer of sample containers reported complete. | 111:35:51 | 05:07:51 | 21 Jul 1969 |
CDR inside LM, assisted and monitored by LMP. | 111:37:32 | 05:09:32 | 21 Jul 1969 |
EVA ended (hatch closed). | 111:39:13 | 05:11:13 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LM equipment jettisoned. | 114:05 | 07:37 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LM lunar liftoff ignition (LM APS). | 124:22:00.79 | 17:54:00 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LM orbit insertion cutoff. | 124:29:15.67 | 18:01:15 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Coelliptic sequence initiation ignition. | 125:19:35 | 18:51:35 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Coelliptic sequence initiation cutoff. | 125:20:22 | 18:52:22 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Constant differential height maneuver ignition. | 126:17:49.6 | 19:49:49 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Constant differential height maneuver cutoff. | 126:18:29.2 | 19:50:29 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Terminal phase initiation ignition. | 127:03:51.8 | 20:35:51 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Terminal phase initiation cutoff. | 127:04:14.5 | 20:36:14 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LM 1st midcourse correction. | 127:18:30.8 | 20:50:30 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LM 2nd midcourse correction. | 127:33:30.8 | 21:05:30 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Braking started. | 127:36:57.3 | 21:08:57 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Terminal phase finalize ignition. | 127:46:09.8 | 21:18:09 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Terminal phase finalize cutoff. | 127:46:38.2 | 21:18:38 | 21 Jul 1969 |
Stationkeeping started. | 127:52:05.3 | 21:24:05 | 21 Jul 1969 |
CSM/LM docked. | 128:03:00 | 21:35:00 | 21 Jul 1969 |
CDR entered CM. | 129:20 | 22:52 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LMP entered CM. | 129:45 | 23:17 | 21 Jul 1969 |
LM ascent stage jettisoned. | 130:09:31.2 | 23:41:31 | 21 Jul 1969 |
CSM/LM final separation ignition. | 130:30:01.0 | 00:02:01 | 22 Jul 1969 |
CSM/LM final separation cutoff. | 130:30:08.2 | 00:02:08 | 22 Jul 1969 |
Transearth injection ignition (SPS). | 135:23:42.28 | 04:55:42 | 22 Jul 1969 |
Transearth injection cutoff. | 135:26:13.69 | 04:58:13 | 22 Jul 1969 |
Midcourse correction ignition. | 150:29:57.4 | 20:01:57 | 22 Jul 1969 |
Midcourse correction cutoff. | 150:30:07.4 | 20:02:07 | 22 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission started. | 155:36 | 01:08 | 23 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission ended. | 155:54 | 01:26 | 23 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission started. | 177:10 | 22:42 | 23 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission ended. | 177:13 | 22:45 | 23 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission started. | 177:32 | 23:04 | 23 Jul 1969 |
TV transmission ended. | 177:44 | 23:16 | 23 Jul 1969 |
CM/SM separation. | 194:49:12.7 | 16:21:12 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Entry. | 195:03:05.7 | 16:35:05 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Drogue parachute deployed | 195:12:06.9 | 16:44:06 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Visual contact with CM established by aircraft. | 195:07 | 16:39 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Radar contact with CM established by recovery ship. | 195:08 | 16:40 | 24 Jul 1969 |
VHF voice contact and recovery beacon contact established. | 195:14 | 16:46 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Splashdown (went to apex-down). | 195:18:35 | 16:50:35 | 24 Jul 1969 |
CM returned to apex-up position. | 195:26:15 | 16:58:15 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Flotation collar inflated. | 195:32 | 17:04 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Hatch opened for crew egress. | 195:49 | 17:21 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Crew egress. | 195:57 | 17:29 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Crew aboard recovery ship. | 196:21 | 17:53 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Crew entered mobile quarantine facility. | 196:26 | 17:58 | 24 Jul 1969 |
CM lifted from water. | 198:18 | 19:50 | 24 Jul 1969 |
CM secured to quarantine facility. | 198:26 | 19:58 | 24 Jul 1969 |
CM hatch reopened. | 198:33 | 20:05 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Sample return containers 1 and 2 removed from CM. | 200:28 | 22:00 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Container 1 removed from mobile quarantine facility. | 202:00 | 23:32 | 24 Jul 1969 |
Container 2 removed from mobile quarantine facility. | 202:33 | 00:05 | 25 Jul 1969 |
Container 2 and film flown to Johnston Island. | 207:43 | 05:15 | 25 Jul 1969 |
Container 1 flown to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. | 214:13 | 11:45 | 25 Jul 1969 |
Container 2 and film arrived in Houston, TX. | 218:43 | 16:15 | 25 Jul 1969 |
Container 1, film, and biological samples arrived in Houston. | 225:41 | 23:13 | 25 Jul 1969 |
CM decontaminated and hatch secured. | 229:28 | 03:00 | 26 Jul 1969 |
Mobile quarantine facility secured. | 231:03 | 04:35 | 26 Jul 1969 |
Mobile quarantine facility and CM offloaded. | 250:43 | 00:15 | 27 Jul 1969 |
Safing of CM pyrotechnics completed. | 252:33 | 02:05 | 27 Jul 1969 |
Mobile quarantine facility arrived at Ellington AFB, Houston. | 280:28 | 06:00 | 28 Jul 1969 |
Crew in Lunar Receiving Laboratory, Houston | 284:28 | 10:00 | 28 Jul 1969 |
CM delivered to Lunar Receiving Laboratory. | 345:45 | 23:17 | 30 Jul 1969 |
Passive seismic experiment turned off. | 430:26:46 | 11:58:46 | 03 Aug 1969 |
Crew released from quarantine. | 10 Aug 1969 | ||
CM delivered to contractor's facility in Downey, CA. | 14 Aug 1969 | ||
EASEP turned off by ground command. | 27 Aug 1969 |
How tiny bioelectronic implants may someday replace pharmaceutical drugs
Scientists are using bioelectronic medicine to treat inflammatory diseases, an approach that capitalizes on the ancient "hardwiring" of the nervous system.
Left: The vagus nerve, the body's longest cranial nerve. Right: Vagus nerve stimulation implant by SetPoint Medical.
- Bioelectronic medicine is an emerging field that focuses on manipulating the nervous system to treat diseases.
- Clinical studies show that using electronic devices to stimulate the vagus nerve is effective at treating inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
- Although it's not yet approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, vagus nerve stimulation may also prove effective at treating other diseases like cancer, diabetes and depression.
The nervous system’s ancient reflexes
<p>You accidentally place your hand on a hot stove. Almost instantaneously, your hand withdraws.</p><p>What triggered your hand to move? The answer is <em>not</em> that you consciously decided the stove was hot and you should move your hand. Rather, it was a reflex: Skin receptors on your hand sent nerve impulses to the spinal cord, which ultimately sent back motor neurons that caused your hand to move away. This all occurred before your "conscious brain" realized what happened.</p><p>Similarly, the nervous system has reflexes that protect individual cells in the body.</p><p>"The nervous system evolved because we need to respond to stimuli in the environment," said Dr. Tracey. "Neural signals don't come from the brain down first. Instead, when something happens in the environment, our peripheral nervous system senses it and sends a signal to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. And then the nervous system responds to correct the problem."</p><p>So, what if scientists could "hack" into the nervous system, manipulating the electrical activity in the nervous system to control molecular processes and produce desirable outcomes? That's the chief goal of bioelectronic medicine.</p><p>"There are billions of neurons in the body that interact with almost every cell in the body, and at each of those nerve endings, molecular signals control molecular mechanisms that can be defined and mapped, and potentially put under control," Dr. Tracey said in a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJH9KsMKi5M" target="_blank">TED Talk</a>.</p><p>"Many of these mechanisms are also involved in important diseases, like cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, hypertension and shock. It's very plausible that finding neural signals to control those mechanisms will hold promises for devices replacing some of today's medication for those diseases."</p><p>How can scientists hack the nervous system? For years, researchers in the field of bioelectronic medicine have zeroed in on the longest cranial nerve in the body: the vagus nerve.</p>The vagus nerve
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTYyOTM5OC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY0NTIwNzk0NX0.UCy-3UNpomb3DQZMhyOw_SQG4ThwACXW_rMnc9mLAe8/img.jpg?width=1245&coordinates=0%2C0%2C0%2C0&height=700" id="09add" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="f38dbfbbfe470ad85a3b023dd5083557" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="1245" data-height="700" />Electrical signals, seen here in a synapse, travel along the vagus nerve to trigger an inflammatory response.
Credit: Adobe Stock via solvod
<p>The vagus nerve ("vagus" meaning "wandering" in Latin) comprises two nerve branches that stretch from the brainstem down to the chest and abdomen, where nerve fibers connect to organs. Electrical signals constantly travel up and down the vagus nerve, facilitating communication between the brain and other parts of the body.</p><p>One aspect of this back-and-forth communication is inflammation. When the immune system detects injury or attack, it automatically triggers an inflammatory response, which helps heal injuries and fend off invaders. But when not deployed properly, inflammation can become excessive, exacerbating the original problem and potentially contributing to diseases.</p><p>In 2002, Dr. Tracey and his colleagues discovered that the nervous system plays a key role in monitoring and modifying inflammation. This occurs through a process called the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01321" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">inflammatory reflex</a>. In simple terms, it works like this: When the nervous system detects inflammatory stimuli, it reflexively (and subconsciously) deploys electrical signals through the vagus nerve that trigger anti-inflammatory molecular processes.</p><p>In rodent experiments, Dr. Tracey and his colleagues observed that electrical signals traveling through the vagus nerve control TNF, a protein that, in excess, causes inflammation. These electrical signals travel through the vagus nerve to the spleen. There, electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, triggering a molecular process that ultimately makes TNF, which exacerbates conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.</p><p>The incredible chain reaction of the inflammatory reflex was observed by Dr. Tracey and his colleagues in greater detail through rodent experiments. When inflammatory stimuli are detected, the nervous system sends electrical signals that travel through the vagus nerve to the spleen. There, the electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, which trigger the spleen to create a white blood cell called a T cell, which then creates a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. The acetylcholine interacts with macrophages, which are a specific type of white blood cell that creates TNF, a protein that, in excess, causes inflammation. At that point, the acetylcholine triggers the macrophages to stop overproducing TNF – or inflammation.</p><p>Experiments showed that when a specific part of the body is inflamed, specific fibers within the vagus nerve start firing. Dr. Tracey and his colleagues were able to map these relationships. More importantly, they were able to stimulate specific parts of the vagus nerve to "shut off" inflammation.</p><p>What's more, clinical trials show that vagus nerve stimulation not only "shuts off" inflammation, but also triggers the production of cells that promote healing.</p><p>"In animal experiments, we understand how this works," Dr. Tracey said. "And now we have clinical trials showing that the human response is what's predicted by the lab experiments. Many scientific thresholds have been crossed in the clinic and the lab. We're literally at the point of regulatory steps and stages, and then marketing and distribution before this idea takes off."<br></p>The future of bioelectronic medicine
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTYxMDYxMy9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYzNjQwOTExNH0.uBY1TnEs_kv9Dal7zmA_i9L7T0wnIuf9gGtdRXcNNxo/img.jpg?width=980" id="8b5b2" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="c005e615e5f23c2817483862354d2cc4" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="2000" data-height="1125" />Vagus nerve stimulation can already treat Crohn's disease and other inflammatory diseases. In the future, it may also be used to treat cancer, diabetes, and depression.
Credit: Adobe Stock via Maridav
<p>Vagus nerve stimulation is currently awaiting approval by the US Food and Drug Administration, but so far, it's proven safe and effective in clinical trials on humans. Dr. Tracey said vagus nerve stimulation could become a common treatment for a wide range of diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, hypertension, shock, depression and diabetes.</p><p>"To the extent that inflammation is the problem in the disease, then stopping inflammation or suppressing the inflammation with vagus nerve stimulation or bioelectronic approaches will be beneficial and therapeutic," he said.</p><p>Receiving vagus nerve stimulation would require having an electronic device, about the size of lima bean, surgically implanted in your neck during a 30-minute procedure. A couple of weeks later, you'd visit, say, your rheumatologist, who would activate the device and determine the right dosage. The stimulation would take a few minutes each day, and it'd likely be unnoticeable.</p><p>But the most revolutionary aspect of bioelectronic medicine, according to Dr. Tracey, is that approaches like vagus nerve stimulation wouldn't come with harmful and potentially deadly side effects, as many pharmaceutical drugs currently do.</p><p>"A device on a nerve is not going to have systemic side effects on the body like taking a steroid does," Dr. Tracey said. "It's a powerful concept that, frankly, scientists are quite accepting of—it's actually quite amazing. But the idea of adopting this into practice is going to take another 10 or 20 years, because it's hard for physicians, who've spent their lives writing prescriptions for pills or injections, that a computer chip can replace the drug."</p><p>But patients could also play a role in advancing bioelectronic medicine.</p><p>"There's a huge demand in this patient cohort for something better than they're taking now," Dr. Tracey said. "Patients don't want to take a drug with a black-box warning, costs $100,000 a year and works half the time."</p><p>Michael Dowling, president and CEO of Northwell Health, elaborated:</p><p>"Why would patients pursue a drug regimen when they could opt for a few electronic pulses? Is it possible that treatments like this, pulses through electronic devices, could replace some drugs in the coming years as preferred treatments? Tracey believes it is, and that is perhaps why the pharmaceutical industry closely follows his work."</p><p>Over the long term, bioelectronic approaches are unlikely to completely replace pharmaceutical drugs, but they could replace many, or at least be used as supplemental treatments.</p><p>Dr. Tracey is optimistic about the future of the field.</p><p>"It's going to spawn a huge new industry that will rival the pharmaceutical industry in the next 50 years," he said. "This is no longer just a startup industry. [...] It's going to be very interesting to see the explosive growth that's going to occur."</p>Japan finds a huge cache of scarce rare-earth minerals
Japan looks to replace China as the primary source of critical metals
- Enough rare earth minerals have been found off Japan to last centuries
- Rare earths are important materials for green technology, as well as medicine and manufacturing
- Where would we be without all of our rare-earth magnets?
What are the rare earth elements?
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xOTA2MTM0Ni9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYzODExMjMyMn0.owchAgxSBwji5IofgwKtueKSbHNyjPfT7hTJrHpTi98/img.jpg?width=980" id="fd315" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="d8ed70e3d0b67b9cbe78414ffd02c43e" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />(julie deshaies/Shutterstock)
<p>The rare earth metals can be mostly found in the second row from the bottom in the Table of Elements. According to the <a href="http://www.rareearthtechalliance.com/What-are-Rare-Earths" target="_blank"><u>Rare Earth Technology Alliance</u></a>, due to the "unique magnetic, luminescent, and electrochemical properties, these elements help make many technologies perform with reduced weight, reduced emissions, and energy consumption; or give them greater efficiency, performance, miniaturization, speed, durability, and thermal stability."</p><p>In order of atomic number, the rare earths are:</p> <ul> <li>Scandium or Sc (21) — This is used in TVs and energy-saving lamps.</li> <li>Yttrium or Y (39) — Yttrium is important in the medical world, used in cancer drugs, rheumatoid arthritis medications, and surgical supplies. It's also used in superconductors and lasers.</li> <li>Lanthanum or La (57) — Lanthanum finds use in camera/telescope lenses, special optical glasses, and infrared absorbing glass.</li> <li>Cerium or Ce (58) — Cerium is found in catalytic converters, and is used for precision glass-polishing. It's also found in alloys, magnets, electrodes, and carbon-arc lighting. </li> <li>Praseodymium or Pr (59) — This is used in magnets and high-strength metals.</li> <li>Neodymium or Nd (60) — Many of the magnets around you have neodymium in them: speakers and headphones, microphones, computer storage, and magnets in your car. It's also found in high-powered industrial and military lasers. The mineral is especially important for green tech. Each <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mining-toyota/as-hybrid-cars-gobble-rare-metals-shortage-looms-idUSTRE57U02B20090831" target="_blank"><u>Prius</u></a> motor, for example, requires 2.2 lbs of neodymium, and its battery another 22-33 lbs. <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5036/sir2011-5036.pdf" target="_blank"><u>Wind turbine batteries</u></a> require 450 lbs of neodymium per watt. </li> <li>Promethium or Pm (61) — This is used in pacemakers, watches, and research.</li> <li>Samarium or Sm (62) — This mineral is used in magnets in addition to intravenous cancer radiation treatments and nuclear reactor control rods.</li> <li>Europium or Eu (63) — Europium is used in color displays and compact fluorescent light bulbs.</li> <li>Gadolinium or Gd (64) — It's important for nuclear reactor shielding, cancer radiation treatments, as well as x-ray and bone-density diagnostic equipment.</li> <li>Terbium or Tb (65) — Terbium has similar uses to Europium, though it's also soft and thus possesses unique shaping capabilities .</li> <li>Dysprosium or Dy (66) — This is added to other rare-earth magnets to help them work at high temperatures. It's used for computer storage, in nuclear reactors, and in energy-efficient vehicles.</li> <li>Holmium or Ho (67) — Holmium is used in nuclear control rods, microwaves, and magnetic flux concentrators.</li> <li>Erbium or Er (68) — This is used in fiber-optic communication networks and lasers.</li> <li>Thulium or Tm (69) — Thulium is another laser rare earth.</li> <li>Ytterbium or Yb (70) — This mineral is used in cancer treatments, in stainless steel, and in seismic detection devices.</li> <li>Lutetium or Lu (71) — Lutetium can target certain cancers, and is used in petroleum refining and positron emission tomography.</li></ul>Where Japan found is rare earths
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xOTA2MTM0OC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1MTA0NzUxNn0.N3t_iKf6lnnoJ6yVUtl8-wNZICEG2ZxyPzm9ZdE99ks/img.jpg?width=980" id="021b7" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="d9dd843fde547a0b69f8798aca18a706" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Minimatori Torishima Island
(Chief Master Sergeant Don Sutherland, U.S. Air Force)
<p>Japan located the rare earths about 1,850 kilometers off the shore of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami-Tori-shima" target="_blank"><u>Minamitori Island</u></a>. Engineers located the minerals in 10-meter-deep cores taken from sea floor sediment. Mapping the cores revealed and area of approximately 2,500 square kilometers containing rare earths.</p><p>Japan's engineers estimate there's 16 million tons of rare earths down there. That's <a href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/historical-statistics/ds140-raree.xlsx" target="_blank"><u>five times</u></a> the amount of the rare earth elements ever mined since 1900. According to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com.au/rare-earth-minerals-found-in-japan-2018-4?r=US&IR=T" target="_blank"><u>Business Insider</u></a>, there's "enough yttrium to meet the global demand for 780 years, dysprosium for 730 years, europium for 620 years, and terbium for 420 years."</p><p>The bad news, of course, is that Japan has to figure out how to extract the minerals from 6-12 feet under the seabed four miles beneath the ocean surface — that's the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-23948-5" target="_blank"><u>next step</u></a> for the country's engineers. The good news is that the location sits squarely within Japan's Exclusive Economic Zone, so their rights to the lucrative discovery will be undisputed.</p>Physicist creates AI algorithm that may prove reality is a simulation
A physicist creates an AI algorithm that predicts natural events and may prove the simulation hypothesis.
Pixellated head simulation.
- Princeton physicist Hong Qin creates an AI algorithm that can predict planetary orbits.
- The scientist partially based his work on the hypothesis which believes reality is a simulation.
- The algorithm is being adapted to predict behavior of plasma and can be used on other natural phenomena.
Physicist Hong Qin with images of planetary orbits and computer code.
Credit: Elle Starkman
Are we living in a simulation? | Bill Nye, Joscha Bach, Donald Hoffman | Big Think
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