Steven Pinker's 13 rules for writing better
The Harvard psychologist loves reading authors' rules for writing. Here are his own.
15 January, 2019
NEW YORK, NY - JULY 21: Steven Pinker speaks onstage during OZY Fest 2018 at Rumsey Playfield, Central Park on July 21, 2018 in New York City. (Photo by Brad Barket/Getty Images for Ozy Media)
- Steven Pinker is many things: linguist, psychologist, optimist, Harvard professor, and author.
- When it comes to writing, he's a student and a teacher.
- Here's are his 13 rules for writing better, more simply, and more clearly.
1. Reverse-engineer what you read.
<div id="d5a6f" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="IDX8PS1547660934"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490338629242880" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">1. Reverse-engineer what you read. If it feels like good writing, what makes it good? If it’s awful, why?</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490338629242880">1547397620.0</a></blockquote></div>2. Prose is a window onto the world.
<div id="bd385" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="86YJ3J1547660934"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490340084736000" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">2. Prose is a window onto the world. Let your readers see what you are seeing by using visual, concrete language.</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490340084736000">1547397620.0</a></blockquote></div>3. Don’t go meta.
<div id="30f8a" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="SJRTHI1547660935"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490343494676487" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">3. Don’t go meta. Minimize concepts about concepts, like “approach, assumption, concept, condition, context, framew… https://t.co/SSssjN9QmJ</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490343494676487">1547397621.0</a></blockquote></div>4. Let verbs be verbs.
<div id="eeb94" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="P7SLXP1547660935"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490349303742465" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">4. Let verbs be verbs. “Appear,” not “make an appearance.”</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490349303742465">1547397622.0</a></blockquote></div>5. Beware of the Curse of Knowledge.
<div id="6261a" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="O03EUU1547660935"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490350339768320" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">5. Beware of the Curse of Knowledge: when you know something, it’s hard to imagine what it’s like not to know it. M… https://t.co/eaV5GmrLqx</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490350339768320">1547397623.0</a></blockquote></div>Interlude: Steven Pinker's take on human nature. Is it evil?
<div class="rm-shortcode" data-media_id="EiMmNXEV" data-player_id="FvQKszTI" data-rm-shortcode-id="80b3c8daf933340f98f9dce213dec511"> <div id="botr_EiMmNXEV_FvQKszTI_div" class="jwplayer-media" data-jwplayer-video-src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/EiMmNXEV-FvQKszTI.js"> <img src="https://cdn.jwplayer.com/thumbs/EiMmNXEV-1920.jpg" class="jwplayer-media-preview" /> </div> <script src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/EiMmNXEV-FvQKszTI.js"></script> </div> Against chaos: The world is a hard place, but maybe humans aren't ...6. Omit needless words.
<div id="c43ef" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="KK0GPV1547660935"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490351912669184" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">6. Omit needless words (Will Strunk was right about this).</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490351912669184">1547397623.0</a></blockquote></div>7. Avoid clichés like the plague.
<div id="08659" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="3P8QKV1547660935"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490353703563270" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">7. Avoid clichés like the plague (thanks, William Safire).</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490353703563270">1547397623.0</a></blockquote></div>8. Old information at the beginning, new information at the end.
<div id="b00da" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="87D5IW1547660935"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490355691712513" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">8. Old information at the beginning of the sentence, new information at the end.</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490355691712513">1547397624.0</a></blockquote></div>9. Save the heaviest for last.
<div id="d9703" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="VZ6F6L1547660936"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490357579096064" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">9. Save the heaviest for last: a complex phrase should go at the end of the sentence.</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490357579096064">1547397624.0</a></blockquote></div>Interlude: Steven Pinker's take on libertarianism (at any age, it's marginal).
<div class="rm-shortcode" data-media_id="ok3cZW5a" data-player_id="FvQKszTI" data-rm-shortcode-id="7bf090b6866a740a86a51571e8c065a2"> <div id="botr_ok3cZW5a_FvQKszTI_div" class="jwplayer-media" data-jwplayer-video-src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/ok3cZW5a-FvQKszTI.js"> <img src="https://cdn.jwplayer.com/thumbs/ok3cZW5a-1920.jpg" class="jwplayer-media-preview" /> </div> <script src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/ok3cZW5a-FvQKszTI.js"></script> </div>10. Prose must cohere.
<div id="a06fe" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="R8TY5O1547660936"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490363342077954" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">10. Prose must cohere: readers must know how each sentence is related to the preceding one. If it’s not obvious, us… https://t.co/Go2D8Y47yx</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490363342077954">1547397626.0</a></blockquote></div>11. Revise several times.
<div id="fb790" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="Z33LME1547660936"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490365351219206" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">11. Revise several times with the single goal of improving the prose.</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490365351219206">1547397626.0</a></blockquote></div>12. Read it aloud.
<div id="b1317" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="3HF6RJ1547660936"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490367314075648" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">12. Read it aloud.</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490367314075648">1547397627.0</a></blockquote></div>13. Find the best word.
<div id="4ad57" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="J46CHR1547660936"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1084490369138655232" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">13. Find the best word, which is not always the fanciest word. Consult a dictionary with usage notes, and a thesaurus.</div> — Steven Pinker (@Steven Pinker)<a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/statuses/1084490369138655232">1547397627.0</a></blockquote></div>
Keep reading
Show less
The problem with C.P. Snow’s famous two-cultures hypothesis.
The post Why Do So Many Scientists Want to Be Filmmakers? appeared first on ORBITER.
That's one of the questions Steven Pinker addresses in his new book, Enlightenment Now.
The post Can Faith and Reason Co-Exist? appeared first on ORBITER.
Some Scientists Are Skeptical of the March for Science
Since the March for Science was planned, it's been mired in controversy from both supporters and those who think it's politicized.
03 April, 2017
Protestors gather near the National Monument [Photo: Zach Gibson]
<p dir="ltr">On Earth Day, April 22, millions of people plan to hit the streets of Washington, D.C. and cities worldwide to <a href="https://www.marchforscience.com/mission/" target="_blank">March for Science</a>.<br><br>The organizers of the march frame it as a reproach against <span>“</span><a href="https://www.marchforscience.com/mission/" target="_blank">an alarming trend toward discrediting scientific consensus and restricting scientific discovery</a>.<span>” </span>Lead organizer Jonathan Berman, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/01/science/march-for-science-washington-date.html" target="_blank">described it like this to the New York Times</a>:</p> <blockquote>
<p dir="ltr">“Yes, this is a protest, but it’s not a political protest... The people making decisions are in Washington, and they are the people we are trying to reach with the message: You should listen to evidence.”</p>
</blockquote> <p dir="ltr">Speaking to Buzzfeed News, Bill Nye, one of several <a href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/azeenghorayshi/march-for-science-diversity?utm_term=.og8XNgV0P#.qsV5ZXGPn" target="_blank">public leaders</a> for the march, said:</p> <blockquote>
<p dir="ltr"><span>“People are denying the facts of science in the world’s most influential economy. We’re marching to remind everybody of how much science serves you, a person, as a citizen in our society.”</span></p>
</blockquote> <p dir="ltr">But despite the good intentions of organizers, some scientists are questioning whether the march will do more harm than good.</p> <p><strong>A lack of consensus </strong></p> <p>The March for Science got off to a rocky start, and almost all the bad noise came from within the scientific community itself. Soon after the march was announced in January, an organizer sent out a tweet that some scientists considered overtly political.<span style="font-size: 17px;"> </span></p> <p><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xODQwOTc2My9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYxNzkwNDY5NH0.8VXW3Pq__op2kFBMTxPWbsFJuQa9Zh9inHnErI_AY98/img.png?width=980" id="37734" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="d27254a685a3dc811b80a2d5404db316" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image"><br>Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker responded with a <a href="https://twitter.com/sapinker/status/825769152627482624?lang=en" target="_blank">tweet</a> that said the march “compromises its goals with anti-science PC/identity politics/hard-left rhetoric.” Organizers soon <a href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/azeenghorayshi/march-for-science-diversity?utm_term=.og8XNgV0P#.qsV5ZXGPn" target="_blank">deleted the tweet</a>, issued an apology, and revised their mission statement, though they never mentioned Pinker.</p> <p>Pinker wasn't alone in thinking the organizers were using highly politicized language.</p> <p><!-- p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 20.0px Helvetica; -webkit-text-stroke: #000000} span.s1 {font-kerning: none} --> </p><blockquote>
<p class="p1"><span class="s1">“I was pretty appalled,” said evolutionary biologist <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/140944/march-science-bad-scientists" target="_blank">Jerry Coyne to the New Republic</a>. “Their mission statement was like, all the buzzwords of the regressive left. It wasn’t a march about science, it was a march about identity politics. And at that point, I couldn’t support it.”</span></p>
</blockquote> <p class="p1">Meanwhile, other scientists criticized the march for failing to be inclusive. After it was announced that Bill Nye would be the march's first honorary co-chair, complaints arose about how organizers weren't committed to diversity. </p> <blockquote>
<p class="p1">“I love Bill Nye,” said Stephani Page, a biophysicist at University of North Carolina who was invited to join the march’s board in February after she criticized its approach to diversity, <a href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/azeenghorayshi/march-for-science-diversity?utm_term=.og8XNgV0P#.qsV5ZXGPn" target="_blank">to BuzzFeed News</a>. “But I do feel comfortable saying to you what I said to the steering committee: He is a white male, and in that way he does represent the status quo of science, of what it is to be a scientist.”</p>
</blockquote> <p class="p1">Regardless of questions of inclusivity, some scientists think the march is a bad idea simply because it will be perceived as a noisy political protest by the same people it seeks to reach — especially in the wake of the women's march.</p> <p class="p1"><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xODQwOTc2NC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY0NDI1MTMyOH0.Czi6BWMEHdmSrLCHKYw5QHd3N4TQqjoglvzeWaXShnc/img.jpg?width=980" id="570c5" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="7050ddca4a0d1b73c87f6f217b10530f" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image"><br><em>(Photo: Bryan R. Smith)</em><br><br>Robert S. Young, a coastal geologist, wrote an <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/opinion/a-scientists-march-on-washington-is-a-bad-idea.html?utm_source=huffingtonpost.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=pubexchange_article" target="_blank">op-ed for the New York Times</a> explaining why he thinks the march is a bad idea:</p> <p><!-- p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 17.0px Georgia; color: #323333; -webkit-text-stroke: #323333} span.s1 {font-kerning: none} --> </p><blockquote>
<p class="p1"><span class="s1">"A march by scientists, while well intentioned, will serve only to trivialize and politicize the science we care so much about, turn scientists into another group caught up in the culture wars and further drive the wedge between scientists and a certain segment of the American electorate."</span></p>
</blockquote> <p class="p1">James Gates, a physicist at the University of Maryland who served on Obama's Presidential Council of Science Advisors, <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/body/science-march/" target="_blank">told PBS</a> that the march will likely be a futile display of outrage.</p> <blockquote>
<p class="p1">"No one has enunciated to me what the theory of action is behind the March for Science. It's obviously a way for people to express their frustration, but I would posit that an emotional reaction is perhaps not the best way to proceed.<br><br>One of the best things my life in science has taught me is that you deliberate and think about the consequences of actions. I know that a lot of people are fervent in their desire to express their outrage, but an expression of outrage is not a plan."</p>
</blockquote> <p class="p1">Instead of marching on Washington, Young <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/opinion/a-scientists-march-on-washington-is-a-bad-idea.html?utm_source=huffingtonpost.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=pubexchange_article" target="_blank">suggests</a> scientists start dialogues in their communities.<strong><br></strong></p> <blockquote></blockquote><p class="p1"><span class="s1">"Make contact with that part of America that doesn’t know any scientists. Put a face on the debate. Help them understand what we do, and how we do it. Give them your email, or better yet, your phone number... </span></p> <p class="p1"><span class="s1">The solution here is not mass spectacle, but an increased effort to communicate directly with those who do not understand the degree to which the changing climate is already affecting their lives. We need storytellers, not marchers."</span></p> <p class="p1"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xODQwOTc2Ni9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYxODQ3NTgxNH0.l77V0OF-vYb0UIOlhcOgEfzm__q6inleoECPBGvRz_E/img.png?width=980" id="ac7c1" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="49f8f3679ee8bb4065bd7331ccaa1248" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image"><br></span><strong>Support from the scientific community </strong></p> <p class="p1">Despite the criticisms, the march has the support of many of the nation's top science organizations, like the New York Academy of Sciences, the American Anthropological Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Rush Holt, CEO of AAAS, <a href="http://bigthink.com/admin/text_ideas/is-the-march-for-science-going-to-change-any-minds/pbs" target="_blank">said</a> it's collaborating with other groups in the community to make the march a success. </p> <blockquote>
<p class="p1">"We see the activities collectively known as the march as a unique opportunity to communicate the importance, value, and beauty of science."</p>
</blockquote> <p class="p1">Other supporters hope the March for Science will <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/140944/march-science-bad-scientists" target="_blank">shed some light</a> on the important research and scientists that often go unrecognized. If nothing else, the march has reinvigorated a broader conversation about what role scientists should play in politics. <br><br>Some think scientists should steer clear of politics, or that science <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/140944/march-science-bad-scientists" target="_blank">can't answer moral questions</a>. Philosopher David Hume famously said that an <span>“</span>ought<span>”</span> can't be derived from an <span>“</span>is<span>”</span>, meaning it's not immediately clear how we can use facts about the world to make moral judgments. <br><br>Still, those organizing the march think it's <a href="https://www.marchforscience.com/mission/" target="_blank">time for action</a>.</p> <blockquote>
<p class="p1"><span><span>“</span>We face a possible future where people not only ignore scientific evidence, but seek to eliminate it entirely. Staying silent is a luxury that we can no longer afford. We must stand together and support science.<span>”</span></span></p>
</blockquote> <p class="p1"> </p><div class="video-full-card-placeholder" data-slug="margaret-atwood-on-anti-science-and-anti-intellectualism" style="border: 1px solid #ccc;">
<div class="rm-shortcode" data-media_id="2VPcnJBy" data-player_id="FvQKszTI" data-rm-shortcode-id="c93185196db7a23aecc47e657c9910ee">
<div id="botr_2VPcnJBy_FvQKszTI_div" class="jwplayer-media" data-jwplayer-video-src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/2VPcnJBy-FvQKszTI.js">
<img src="https://cdn.jwplayer.com/thumbs/2VPcnJBy-1920.jpg" class="jwplayer-media-preview">
</div>
<script src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/2VPcnJBy-FvQKszTI.js"></script>
</div>
</div>
Keep reading
Show less
Popular
