Valentine’s Day: A watered-down pagan Lupercalia
Romans didn't do festivals half-way.
- Modern Valentine's Day is a far more restrained version of the pagan holiday it replaced.
- During Lupercalia, Romans got naked, drunk, and there was whipping involved.
- Romantic cards? How about simulated penetration?
St. Valentine, uh...
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xOTE3OTIwNy9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY3MzgwMjkwNH0.nA784dS4QLFr-tsGCOmE0W3VO5XaF0glkh3PZ3YAn18/img.jpg?width=980" id="30a98" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="536fa74c247b7f1c88f61c83cc003eae" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Facial reconstruction of St. Valentine, based on putative remains. Image source: Cicero Moraes/Wikimedia
<p> But first of all, St. Valentine. There may or may not have ever been a St. Valentine. Even Gelasius doesn't seem to have known much about him, referring to him as one of those "… whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to God." The story goes that he was a third-century priest who was beheaded by Rome's Christian Emperor Claudius II for helping Christian Roman soldiers get married. That may or many not be true, but it's believed that Claudius had two men named Valentine beheaded in the third century, both of them on February 14th. Somewhere in here was Valentine of Interamna, who may or may not have been the same person as beheaded St. Valentine of Rome. There was also a third Valentine. Maybe.</p>Center of the action: Lupercal
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xOTE4MjAwNi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY2Nzg4NTIxNH0.ztaw4swIynUi8Dcr-QVGF7hD5lD05H-pVLJRYwTbsf8/img.jpg?width=1245&coordinates=43%2C148%2C43%2C148&height=700" id="9a13f" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="5b99eb459dd41fa109d7e682331d9123" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Lupercal cave was somewhere in Palatine Hill, Rome. Image source: Flickr user Roger W
<p>Lupercalia's "festivities" began in a cave called the Lupercal, which modern archeologists believe they <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7104330.stm" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1">found</a> in 2007 on the north side of Palatine Hill in Rome. It was purported to be the shelter in which the twins of Roman mythology <a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Romulus_and_Remus/" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1">Romulus and Remus</a> were suckled by a she-wolf (The Latin word is also slang for "prostitute," by the way, so, <em>hm</em> again.) Fourth-century pagan commentator Servius asserted that the cave was also the location at which the god Mars impregnated the twins' mortal mother, priestess Rhea Silvia.</p><p>That couple was said to have founded Rome, and that seems to be when the festival of Lupercalia started. The celebrations were conducted by the <em>Sodales Luperci</em>, a priestly college whose priests were known as <em>Luperci.</em> There were <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-roman-festival-of-lupercalia-121029" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1">originally</a> by two families, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentes" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1"><em>gentes</em></a>, within the college descended from the twins, the <em>Quinctilii</em> from Romulus, and the <em>Fabii</em> from Remus. Eventually, Julius Ceasar added the <em>Julii</em>— for "Julius?" — one of whom was Marc Antony.</p>Lupercalia was a bad day for goats. And puppies!
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xOTE3OTIxNi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY0MDY0MjY3NH0.xOXifW-Bz-YXyY0jNaj7p7enoaj5WPJ8W4mNtdduZfI/img.jpg?width=980" id="9af41" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="5ec16741ab0244ebe51fc3a30a4a29d6" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Relief of a herdsman. Image source: Wikimedia Commons
<p>Lupercalia began with sacrifices of two goats and a puppy. Not an adult dog — it had to be a puppy. Why? It may have been a tribute to the she-wolf. However, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1">Plutarch</a>, speculating much later, suggested the tradition might have been handed down from the Greeks, who were apparently very fond of slaughtering adorable young dogs. They did it so often they even had a word for it, <em>periskulakismoi</em>, which is said to mean "purification by puppy."</p><p>As for the goats, sacrifice was just for openers. Romans stripped the flesh off of their carcasses and cut the material into furry thongs. (More on them in a moment.) They also spitted their entrails onto sticks to be eaten during the festival.</p>Also two rich boys
<p>Following the animal sacrifice, Luperci touched the heads of <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AGVbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=Lupercalia+drink&source=bl&ots=zgMMf7z9w8&sig=JBMHJDnTNDX8d2KHokEil3sT1hg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjthd2Ex4PSAhXizFQKHZP5BK0Q6AEILDAD#v=onepage&q=Lupercalia%20drink&f=false" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1">two young male nobles</a> with the blood-coated knives they'd used, after which wool dipped in milk would be rubbed on. Finally, with all that dripping down their faces, ears, and necks, the boys were expected to fake-laugh to conclude the ritual. It may have been about cleansing.</p>Thongs for the disturbing images
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xOTE3OTIyMy9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1MTkzNDg5Mn0.2L-Gn1uuNwVBSwQuxeUJ7hkN8j76rVapJ_EcqM3tO3E/img.jpg?width=980" id="a5571" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="398f829e02ae0d32a8602a3cb4aafa81" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Camassei, circa 1635. Image source: Wikimedia Commons
<p>The goat thongs were called <em>februare</em>. So, yes, these strips of hairy goat flesh are what the second month of the year is named for.</p><p>In any event, what happened next is that the Luperci, and perhaps other upper-class men, stripped naked, were oiled and went running through Rome, whipping women with their thongs. (Plutarch suggested their nakedness was for speed.) There was, of course, plenty of alcohol involved for celebrants and spectators.</p><p>The intent of the whipping wasn't punitive, and women only pretend to run away from lashes that were believed to enhance their fertility. It may be that the lashes symbolized penetration. After 276 BCE, women were actually encouraged to expose their flesh, too. However, eventually, the men were apparently covering their genitals with loincloths for relative modesty by the time of Christ.</p><p>An interesting historical side note. Julius Caesar was offered the throne when Marc Antony placed a wreath on his head as the future emperor watched the Lupercalia festivities. It may be time to rework your mental image of that as being short at least one toga. Antony, as a <em>Juliiian</em>, would have been oiled and stark naked when he approached Caesar with the crown.</p>And then there’s Lupercus
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xOTE3OTIzNy9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYzNTM3MDA3MH0.WrFtlVmQsek1sPXJTUDK4_w35YPyZ4uufS-1gST22Xw/img.jpg?width=980" id="78775" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="396eb439118b0c86c5b4d96e7d493c2a" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />The wins and the she-wolf, circa 269-266 BC
(Curtius/Wikimedia)
<p> While the day of Lupercalia involved sharing tales of the Roman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faunus#/media/File:Pan_goat_MAN_Napoli_Inv27709_n01.jpg" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1">Faunus</a> — who bestowed fruitfulness on "<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Faunus" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1">field and flocks</a>" — the day was named for Lupercus. According to the <a href="https://pantheon.org/articles/l/lupercus.html" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1"><em>Encyclopedia Mythica</em></a>, Lupercus was an ancient Italian god who was both protector of their sheep from wolves, and a provider of fertility. The Latin root of the name is <em>lupus</em>, or wolf.</p>Getting it out of your system
<p>Considering that the Romans' new year began in March, it's likely that at least one aspect of Lupercalia was a cleansing of the spirit to start fresh at the new year. The sacrifices and bloody young men seem to fit with this idea, as might the wanton drunkenness and general debauchery of the festival. (There's said to be some overlap between Faunus and <a href="https://greekgodsandgoddesses.net/gods/pan/" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1">Pan</a>.)</p>Modern Lupercalia, pagan-style
<p>For today's self-proclaimed pagans, Valentine's Day still contains themes from Lupercalia, regardless of the degree to which the wilder aspects have been tamed. <a href="https://paganhumanismcanada.wordpress.com/2014/01/18/lascivious-lupercalia-why-valentines-is-a-vital-pagan-holy-day-for-the-modern-world/" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1">Paganhumanismcanada</a> considers it, "A sacred and religious celebration of human sexuality and passion, many of the elements and themes have been retained: valentine's cards [versus <em>februare</em>], red heart shapes, single people going home with partners, married women wanting children, lust, sex, fertility." While there appears to be no universal way to commemorate this day of the wolf, some have devised their own <a href="https://owlsandindigo.com/modern-lupercalia-ritual/" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1">symbolic rituals</a>.</p>All of which brings us back to Valentine’s Day
<p>Of course, depending on who you ask, Valentine's Day can be every bit as unpleasant as Lupercalia sounds: It's the time of year for an involuntary inventory of one's love life. Singles and those with unhappy connexions can instead celebrate <a href="https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Anti-Valentine%27s%20Day" target="_blank" data-vivaldi-spatnav-clickable="1">Anti-Valentine's Day</a>. For those whose long-term relationship has settled more into a partnership, it's likely to be met with a household decision to save the candy/flowers/gift money for something more practical.</p><p>On the other hand, if for you relationships merit nurturing and romance a refresher, try and put Lupercalia out of mind and seize the day to sweetly make your case, pagan or otherwise.</p>Where did Valentine's Day start? Lupercalia: Rome's most bizarre spring rite
Where does Valentine's Day come from? Let us introduce you to the festival of Lupercalia, a festival when naked young men and women ran around whipping one another with animal hides.
Valentine’s Day is a weird holiday when you think about it. On a usually cold day—February 14—we eat chocolate, give greeting cards, celebrate romance, and find the need to make a big deal out of it in schools. While the modern holiday is, often correctly, viewed as a “Hallmark Holiday” the origins of the festival go back more than two thousand years to a Pagan ritual with strange customs and festivities that would make a modern romantic blush.
