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On factory farms, the death rate of pig sows is soaring
It's not yet clear why this is happening, but there are plenty of suspects
02 October, 2018
- A rise in mortality for factory farm pig sows has growers worried.
- There are some obvious possible reasons, but studies are underway.
- Rise in deaths points toward a need for more humane treatment of pigs.
<blockquote><em>While relatively little is known about the psychology of domestic pigs, what is known suggests that pigs are cognitively complex and share many traits with animals whom we consider intelligent. — </em><a href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8sx4s79c#page-1" target="_blank"><u><em>Thinking Pigs: A Comparative Review of Cognition, Emotion, and Personality in Sus domesticus</em></u></a></blockquote><p>Of all the animals that humans eat, perhaps the most morally troubling are pigs because they're considered to be highly aware creatures. The stories of their sentience are <a href="http://www.onegreenplanet.org/news/wally-the-pig-jumped-off-a-slaughterhouse-truck/" target="_blank"><u>myriad</u></a> and make a compelling case that they know <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/pigs-know-their-fate-when-they-enter-a-slaughterhouse-expert-says-1.3829977" target="_blank"><u>just what awaits</u></a> them at slaughter. That they continue to be raised as food is heartbreaking on the face of it to many, and the conditions at pork factory farms have <a href="https://www.upworthy.com/a-drone-flew-over-a-pig-farm-to-discover-its-not-really-a-farm-its-something-much-more-disturbing" target="_blank"><u>long been</u></a> troubling. (In addition, <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/pigs-chickens-killed-hurricane-florence_us_5ba15035e4b046313fc0213f" target="_blank"><u>5,500 pigs drowned</u></a> in North Carolina during Hurricane Florence.)</p><p>Now there's a new problem with industrially bred pigs that has even the pork industry alarmed: Sow deaths from prolapse—a condition that causes a sow's rectum, vagina, or uterus to collapse—are skyrocketing. According to <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/01/death-rates-surge-female-pigs-us" target="_blank"><u><em>The Guardian</em></u></a>, the pig mortality rate nearly doubled between 2013 and 2016 on factory farms with more than 125 sows across 800 pork companies. Some farmers are reporting prolapse as the cause of <a href="https://www.agriculture.com/livestock/hogs/sow-prolapse-syndrome-13-potential-causes" target="_blank"><u> 25% to 50%</u></a> sow deaths.</p><p><em>Warning: This post contains troubling images.</em></p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image">
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xODY4MDY2NC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY0NDc2OTg3M30.nkD34Emn7iXEYlXFWdf_SRTuCFST4Wx8FdVKH8OACtg/img.jpg?width=980" id="88f1a" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="a8fc55ec9c38ef82ff53fcd367139cba" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image">
<small class="image-media media-caption" data-gramm="true" data-gramm_editor="true" data-gramm_id="abc3988a-574d-bcb5-b386-4c54eb9153e3" placeholder="add caption..." spellcheck="false">Wally, the slaughterhouse-truck-escaping pig, with the author at <a href="https://www.soulspacesanctuary.org" target="_blank">Soulspace Farm Sanctuary</a></small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="add photo credit...">(Photo: Syd M Johnson)</small></p><div class="_1BN1N Kzi1t _2DJZN" style="z-index: 2; transform: translate(426px, 350px);"><div class="_1HjH7"><div class="_3qe6h" title="Protected by Grammarly"> </div></div></div>
Why are sows dying like this?
<p>The cause of the deaths is not altogether clear. The National Pork Board is partnering with Iowa State University on a <a href="https://www.ipic.iastate.edu/news/SowMortalityProject2018.html" target="_blank"><u>multi-year study</u></a> aimed at understanding what's happening. (Iowa's the top pork producer in the U.S.) They intend to collect data on about 13% of food sows on more than 100 farms in 16 states. That's about 400,000 pigs.</p><p>As of now, there are a handful of possible causes that have been suggested:</p> <ul> <li>Vitamin deficiencies</li> <li><a href="http://www.thepigsite.com/pighealth/article/482/mycotoxins/" target="_blank"><u>Mycotoxins</u></a> in feed</li> <li>Overfeeding to promote growth</li> <li>Abdominal issues</li> <li>Overly restrictive confinement systems</li> <li>Overbreeding</li></ul><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xODY4MTkzMS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYzOTczMzMyNH0.fqaHHJlMjZXXQm8julS9kyhUlY3V-ZWlPkliscJVxwQ/img.jpg?width=1245&coordinates=0%2C138%2C0%2C11&height=700" id="226a9" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="ecf4a457f165a4eb3669957bcda2e983" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />A sedentary, crowded existence
<p>According to <em>The Guardian</em>, "An estimated 97% of the US's 73 million hogs are raised in closed barns or confined feeding operations." These dense-packed, restrictive environments include gestation and farrowing crates in which sows can barely move, and in which they spend most of their lives. It's a brutal way to exist as pigs have little, if any, opportunity for health-sustaining movement and exercise, and are kept from doing the things pigs like to do.</p><p>Farmer <a href="https://foodtank.com/news/2017/03/paul-willis-interview/" target="_blank"><u>Paul Willis</u></a> tells <em>The Guardian,</em> "I have a neighbor that has been raising pigs [in a confinement system] … and they have a dumpster, and I can go by there almost any time of the day or week and it's full of dead hogs." One company is producing the <a href="https://www.hogslat.com/hercules-arm-pig-hearse" target="_blank"><u>Hercules' Arm Pig Hearse</u></a>, which its website calls "A unique and revolutionary way to effortlessly remove, on your own and in total safety, heavy dead pigs from stalls and haul them away to the designated area." The company adds that the device "has been specifically designed to eliminate any risk of back injury and make work so much easier."</p><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xODY4MDY3Mi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyMTgwMzU3Mn0.jKI2IzranQF3WJQ_epUbPWXy8BsFHImJc011qAE9lZs/img.jpg?width=980" id="ac73f" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="e75ea22843bb2ce7c21f879094c7dcbd" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Pigs in gestation crates
Genetic manipulation for more salable pork or more pigs
<p>Well-known animal-welfare advocate <a href="https://www.templegrandin.com" target="_blank"><u>Temple Grandin</u></a> of Colorado State University also spoke to <em>The Guardian</em> about this problem, suggesting that shifting pork-industries priorities have wreaked havoc on pigs' bodies.</p><p>In the late 1980s, she points out, pigs were bred for rapid weight gain, more <a href="https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-fat-back-fatback-2216903" target="_blank"><u>backfat</u></a>, along with a more lucrative <a href="https://www.thespruceeats.com/pig-diagram-and-pork-chart-995306" target="_blank"><u>loin</u></a>. Later on, though, breeding goals changed as the American diet became more fat conscious.</p><p>Eventually breeding moved to pigs who could produce more piglets. New president of <a href="https://mercyforanimals.org" target="_blank"><u><em>Mercy for Animals</em></u></a> <a href="https://mercyforanimals.org/meet-leah-garcs-mfas-first-woman-president" target="_blank"><u>Leah Garces</u></a> suggests this could be the cause of the prolapse epidemic: "Over the last few decades, sows to have been bred to have less back-fat—because people don't want to eat as much fat—but we also want them to produce more and more babies. And that's not biologically possible; their bones are weak and they don't have enough fat to support the reproductive process. We've bred them to their limit and the animals are telling us that."</p><p>Sows now produce an average of 23.5 piglets a year in litters of ten. After about four litters, they're done. As Grandin puts it, "They're breeding the sows to produce a lot of babies. Well, there's a point where you've gone too far."</p><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xODY4MDY3Ny9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY0OTA2OTg2MH0.3puetrTWfcjP4pa7t8OLaZA1XLch_jvrINteqCQwMPI/img.jpg?width=980" id="64db4" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="358f821eb7ef03b185ddbeda1a73ac0b" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Exhausted Walkato sow
Considering the porcine future
<p>Some in the pork industry are looking to establish more moderate, sustainable methods of raising pigs, including smaller farms—such as Willis' Niman Ranch, a subsidiary of Purdue—and backing off productivity goals. As Grandin puts it, "You have to figure out the optimal number of piglets these sows should have. One thing people have trouble with is asking what is optimal—not maximal, but optimal—when it comes to breeding." Hopefully, reports such as the National Pork Board's will definitively pinpoint what's causing this increase in sow deaths.</p><p>There's also another solution worthy of mention, and it's pretty obvious: We could cut back or stop eating pigs.</p> <div class="rm-shortcode" data-media_id="ClRRdKXm" data-player_id="FvQKszTI" data-rm-shortcode-id="739eb1130469bfece6646c481cabc0b7"> <div id="botr_ClRRdKXm_FvQKszTI_div" class="jwplayer-media" data-jwplayer-video-src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/ClRRdKXm-FvQKszTI.js"> <img src="https://cdn.jwplayer.com/thumbs/ClRRdKXm-1920.jpg" class="jwplayer-media-preview" /> </div> <script src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/ClRRdKXm-FvQKszTI.js"></script> </div>
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How Many Deaths Is Cheap Chicken Worth?
A common belief that regulations are a burden on businesses is challenged by Maryn McKenna’s book Big Chicken.
12 October, 2017
Illustration by Julia Suits, The New Yorker cartoonist & author of The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions
1. If you want to be a good boss you will want regulation (likewise good economists). If that surprises you, Maryn McKenna’s book Big Chicken shows you’ve caught a virulent strain of bad ideas about business.
<p dir="ltr"><span>2. McKenna’s meaty history shows “how antibiotics created </span><a href="https://www.livescience.com/60438-big-chicken-mckenna-q-and-a.html" target="_blank"><span>modern</span></a><span> agriculture” but also antibiotic-resistant superbugs (our prevailing pecking order puts profit above deadly risks).</span></p> <p dir="ltr">3. ~40,000 <a href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22big+chicken%22+%22Among+cases+of+sepsis%2C+one+of+the+leading+causes+of+death+in+the+United+States%2C+ExPECs+might+be+causing+40%2C000+deaths+every+year%22%22">deaths</a> + 6,000,000 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qAwDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=big+chicken&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo-c3-mNfWAhUEeSYKHeKSAaAQ6wEIKTAA#v=snippet&q=%22there%20were%20six%20million%22%20UTIs%20exPECs%20%22caused%20almost%20all%20of%20them%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>UTIs</span></a> arise annually from food-borne, factory-farm born, superbugs.</p> <p dir="ltr"><span>4. In 1948 antibiotics became livestock “growth </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qAwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA281&dq=%22big+chicken%22+IN+1948,+Thomas+Jukes%27s+experimental+feeding+had+more+than+doubled+the+weight&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju3MDujOnWAhWHSCYKHY4sDmwQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22big%20chicken%22%20%22IN%201948%2C%20Thomas%20Jukes's%20experimental%20feeding%20had%20more%20than%20doubled%20the%20weight%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>promoters</span></a><span>” (~10% heavier </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qAwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA281&dq=%22big+chicken%22+IN+1948,+Thomas+Jukes%27s+experimental+feeding+had+more+than+doubled+the+weight&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju3MDujOnWAhWHSCYKHY4sDmwQ6AEIKjAA#v=snippet&q=10%20percent%20weight%20per%20bird%2012%20percent%20saved%20poultry%20industry%20%2420%20million&f=false" target="_blank"><span>birds</span></a><span> without extra feed).</span></p> <p dir="ltr">5. Before <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qAwDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=big+chicken&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_1eL18ePWAhUJKCYKHdayCXMQ6wEIKTAA#v=snippet&q=1945%20fleming%20%22deploying%20the%20drug%20carelessly%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>1945</span></a> scientists knew ill-suited antibiotic use would breed resistant bacteria—eradicating easy-to-kill kinds clears space for hardier bugs to evolve and thrive (livestock now consume ~80% all <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=12&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjqg8n79evWAhUF2SYKHXmzDzgQFghZMAs&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Ftruth-o-meter%2Fstatements%2F2013%2Foct%2F15%2Flouise-slaughter%2Frep-louise-slaughter-says-80-antibiotics-are-fed-l%2F&usg=AOvVaw0F84nTyhhKQUds56NchGqQ" target="_blank">antibiotics</a>).</p> <p dir="ltr"><span>6. In cleanly kept healthy </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qAwDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=big+chicken&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_1eL18ePWAhUJKCYKHdayCXMQ6wEIKTAA#v=snippet&q=observations%20%22growth-promoting%20effect%20did%20not%20work%20at%20all%20in%20germ%20free%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>animals</span></a><span> growth promoters have little effect (likely work by counter unhealthy </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qAwDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=big+chicken&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_1eL18ePWAhUJKCYKHdayCXMQ6wEIKTAA#v=snippet&q=never%20really%20conferred%20a%20benefit%20compensated%20for%20deficiencies&f=false" target="_blank"><span>deficiencies</span></a><span>, like being cooped up in poop-laden enclosures).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>7. Yet most players prioritized short-term </span><a href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=%22big+chicken%22+That+vast+profit+convinced+the+committee+that+agriculture+would+never+curb+antibiotic+use+on+its+own&oq=%22big+chicken%22+That+vast+profit+convinced+the+committee+that+agriculture+would+never+curb+antibiotic+use+on+its+own&gs_l=psy-ab.3...12814.12814.0.13627.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..1.0.0....0.EWaboPD_ZmA" target="_blank"><span>profit</span></a><span> (</span><span>dodging</span><span> growth-promoter bans by reclassifying antibiotics as </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qAwDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=big+chicken&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_1eL18ePWAhUJKCYKHdayCXMQ6wEIKTAA#v=snippet&q=contravention%20%22of%20the%20spirit%20of%20the%20new%20rules%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>preventive</span></a><span>, to continue </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qAwDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=big+chicken&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_1eL18ePWAhUJKCYKHdayCXMQ6wEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=preventive%20unscrupulous&f=false" target="_blank"><span>unscrupulous</span></a><span> unhygienic overcrowding).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>8. Consider now-popular “free market” ideas. Did voluntary transactions self-organize well? Did businesses behave responsibly? Did bad choices harm only bad choosers? If not then, why now?</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>9. Not choosing industrialized meat is no defense (e.g., meat-plant bugs spread to a hospital infecting 4,000 newborns </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qAwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&dq=%22big+chicken%22+infected+1,300+women+immediately+after+they+gave+birth,+and+more+than+4,000+newborn+babies,+killing+24+mothers+and+children&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_9KKwrdzWAhWI6yYKHf4KAicQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22big%20chicken%22%20infected%201%2C300%20women%20immediately%20after%20they%20gave%20birth%2C%20and%20more%20than%204%2C000%20newborn%20babies%2C%20killing%2024%20mothers%20and%20children&f=false" target="_blank"><span>killing</span></a><span> 24 mothers and infants). We inhabit a microbial commons, rife with “tragedy of the </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/prometheus-vs-tragedy-of-the-commons-myth" target="_blank"><span>commons</span></a><span>” risks.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>10. Can we afford to remain oblivious to the obvious? Isn’t it clear that, as in sports, if all players aren’t held to decent standards, good guys lose to prepared-to-cut-corners folks? </span>Unregulated games can become “scoundrel <a href="http://pllqt.it/FJoSJq" target="_blank">cascades</a>,” where race-to-the-bottom pressures push decent players to match the worst sins to stay in the game.</p> <p dir="ltr"><span>11. Doesn’t history routinely refute free-market fan self-regulation fantasies? </span><a href="https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/worse-than-big-tobacco-how-big-pharma-fuels-the-opioid-epidemic" target="_blank"><span>Tobacco</span></a><span>, </span><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/30/misbehaving-banks-have-now-paid-204b-in-fines.html" target="_blank"><span>banking</span></a><span>, </span><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/theres-no-way-volkswagen-is-going-to-pay-the-us-18-billion-in-fines-for-cheating-on-emissions-tests-2015-9" target="_blank"><span>cars</span></a><span>, </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/lSqYty" target="_blank"><span>pharma</span></a><span>, processed </span><a href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/robert-h-lustig/the-hacking-of-the-american-mind/" target="_blank"><span>foods</span></a><span>... etc. Why trust businesses to do the right thing now?</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>12. Here cost-benefit-style thinking misleads—how many deaths is cheap chicken worth? 40,000+ annually? Well “markets” have already “</span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/do-profits-prioritize-well-mindlessness-in-markets" target="_blank"><span>decided</span></a><span>” that, while risking millions more deaths (</span><a href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=%22big+chicken%22+producing+food++the+changes+we+must+make+if+we+don%27t+want+to+return+to+a+pre-antibiotic+era.&oq=%22big+chicken%22+producing+food++the+changes+we+must+make+if+we+don%27t+want+to+return+to+a+pre-antibiotic+era.&gs_l=psy-ab.3...8406.12735.0.13501.8.8.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..8.0.0....0.5JOOxd3exFw" target="_blank"><span>post-antibiotic</span></a><span> era plagues). </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>13. In every market externalizing costs increases </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/market-lovers-commit-the-fallacy-of-composition" target="_blank"><span>profits</span></a><span>. Handling such dysfunctional incentives is hampered by an unhealthy alliance between backseat-driver theorizing economists and opportunistic bad businesses (—>”How Economists Turned Corporations into </span><a href="https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/how-economists-turned-corporations-into-predators" target="_blank"><span>Predators</span></a><span>”).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>14. It’s an amazing case of sophisticated-seeming </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/if-no-brain-is-free-of-bias-what-can-we-trust" target="_blank"><span>abstractions</span></a><span> creating concrete stupidity. It’s far from the only “free market” example (e.g. claiming corporate taxes hinder growth, while actual “good” entrepreneurs </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/MLc29a" target="_blank"><span>testify</span></a><span> not). Garrett </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/astronaut-vs-cowboy-ethics" target="_blank"><span>Harding</span></a><span> complained some economists sprinkle ideas such as “externality” like “pixie dust” before reverting to reality-denying toy-model math-ogling games. </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>15. Interestingly, my opponents on regulation are often also correct (—>3 regulation </span><a href="http://bit.ly/1xQ3vMV" target="_blank"><span>resistor</span></a><span> types). Many bad counterproductive regulations exist. But that means we must consider the concrete particulars, not abstract idealizations like “permission-less </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/are-people-prudent" target="_blank"><span>innovation</span></a><span>.”</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>16. Running a good (decent, effective, unharmful) business requires level-playing-field regulations </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>17. With great opportunity comes great responsibility. And great </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/we-should-all-be-allergic-to-this-business-logic" target="_blank"><span>temptations</span></a><span>. Are business titans immune to bias? </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/good-rich-vs-bad-rich" target="_blank"><span>Rationalization</span></a><span>? </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/the-perils-of-plutogoguery" target="_blank"><span>Hubris</span></a><span>? </span></p> <p dir="ltr">18. With all the powerful do (public or <a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/what-if-the-price-was-never-right" target="_blank">private</a>) we must “trust, but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust,_but_verify" target="_blank">verify</a>,” deploying balance-of-<a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/what-if-the-price-was-never-right" target="_blank">powers</a> logic (—>Good versus Bad <a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/good-rich-vs-bad-rich" target="_blank">Rich)</a>.</p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><em>Illustration</em><em> by <a href="http://juliasuits.net/" target="_blank">Julia Suits</a>, </em><span>The New Yorker</span><em> cartoonist & author of </em><span>The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions</span></p>
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