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Philosopher Alan Watts on the difference between money and wealth
What would you do if money was no object?
26 January, 2019
- Philosopher, Alan Watts believed we too easily mistake the symbolic for the real.
- If money was no object, we'd seek what we truly desire.
- Watts believed we can only have so much ostentatious consumption.
<p>In a thought-provoking lecture Alan Watts once posed this great question: <em>"What would you do if money was no object?" </em></p><p><em> This pointed and hyperbolic question asks us to dig into the deeper truth of what it is we really want and desire in life and also question the symbolic importance we place on the almighty abstraction of the dollar. </em></p><p><em>Watts urged his listeners to detach themselves from the notion of chasing money to satisfy our desires. Easier said than done of course — but in typical koan fashion, Watts manages to show us that when we instead seek something less material and more spiritually fulfilling, the money part won't become an issue in the end. </em></p><h1><em>What would you do if money was no object?</em></h1><p><em>The gist of Watt's speech is as follows: </em></p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em><em>"So I always ask the question, 'what would you like to do if money were no object? How would you really enjoy spending your life?' Well, it's so amazing as a result of our kind of educational system, crowds of students say well, we'd like to be painters, we'd like to be poets, we'd like to be writers, but as everybody knows you can't earn any money that way…</em></em></p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em><em>Let's go through with it. What do you want to do? When we finally got down to something, which the individual says he really wants to do, I will say to him, you do that and forget the money, because, if you say that getting the money is the most important thing, you will spend your life completely wasting your time… To structure your existence with an objective of monetary gain is to spend a lifetime chasing an abstraction.</em></em></p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em><em>... And after all, if you do really like what you're doing, it doesn't matter what it is, you can eventually turn it — you could eventually become a master of it. It's the only way to become a master of something, to be really with it.</em><em> And then you'll be able to get a good fee for whatever it is. So don't worry too much..."</em> </em></p><p><em>Now money is a fundamental fact of our current constructed reality, even Alan Watts understood that. Barter, exchange, value, currency and what have you – there is absolutely no feasible way around it. So leave your pipe dreams and utopian visions at the door, just entertain the question at face value for now. It's probing for something much deeper than some cheap ideological economic fix. </em></p><h1><em>Alan Watts on being paid for his work</em></h1><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-youtube"><em>
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<small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="add caption...">Alan Watts on money, possessions and lifestyle</small>
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</em></p><p><em>Pontificating on this issue in any regard is risky business as inherent contradictory and seemingly hypocritical charges are bound to be directed at its speaker.<br></em></p><p><em>Watts rightfully so, silenced any criticism for any monetary gain he received for his work. After all, he knew that he was playing the society game and needed to make a living for himself. Watts was a philosopher and quite good at what he did. </em></p><p><em>This line of questioning would lead to Watts making an important distinction on the nature of differentiating between money and wealth. On a personal level, he understood what wealth was to him and the limits of a human's capacity to experience luxury and excess: </em></p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em><em>"There are limits to the real wealth that any individual can consume... We cannot drive four cars at once, live simultaneously in six homes, take three tours at the same time, or devour 12 roasts of beef at one meal."</em></em></p><h1><em>Does It Matter? Essays on Man's Relation to Materiality</em></h1><div class="rm-shortcode amazon-assets-widget" data-rm-shortcode-id="CLBWZ81548459799" contenteditable="false"><em>
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<p>Watts explored the issue deeper in his anthology <em>Does It Matter? Essays on Man's Relation to Materiality. </em>In the essay "Wealth Versus Money," Watts remarked on the inability for humankind to distinguish between the merely symbolic and the true.<br></p><blockquote><em>All too easily, we confuse the world as we symbolize it with the world as it is... </em></blockquote><p>He looks into our simple confusion between money and wealth: </p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em>"Money is a way of measuring wealth but is not wealth in itself. A chest of gold coins or a fat wallet of bills is of no use whatsoever to a wrecked sailor alone on a raft. He needs real wealth, in the form of a fishing rod, a compass, an outboard motor with gas, and a female companion.</em></p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em> But this ingrained and archaic confusion of money with wealth is now the main reason we are not going ahead full tilt with the development of our technological genius for the production of more than adequate food, clothing, housing, and utilities for every person on earth</em>."</p><p>This type of symbolic thinking manifests itself in all outlets of the physical world. In his essay, Watts makes a point about the how the fundamental confusion between money and wealth leads us to preposterous positions. He used the Great Depression as an example. </p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em>"Remember the Great Depression of the '30s? One day there was a flourishing consumer economy, with everyone on the up-and-up; and the next, unemployment, poverty, and bread lines, </em></p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em>What happened? The physical resources of the country the brain, brawn, and raw materials were in no way depleted, but there was a sudden absence of money, a so-called financial slump… </em></p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em>Complex reasons for this kind of disaster can be elaborated at length by experts on banking and high finance who cannot see the forest for the trees..."</em></p><p>Watts makes no claim of being an economic or financial expert. Those to him are mere surface roles muddying the waters at the core of this issue he's trying to broach. Watts likens the absurdity to a man coming to work on the building of a house, the morning of the Depression and the boss saying to him:<br></p><blockquote><em>Sorry, baby, but we can't build today. No inches.</em><br> </blockquote><p>Watts realized that there was going to be and will always be harsh resistance to this type of idea or rather awareness of the symbolic: </p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em>"What wasn't understood then, and still isn't really understood today, is that the reality of money is of the same type as the reality of centimeters, grams, hours, or lines of longitude. Money is a way of measuring wealth but is not wealth in itself.</em></p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em>It is not going to be at all easy to explain this to the world at large, because mankind has existed for perhaps one million years with relative material scarcity, and it is now roughly a mere one hundred years since the beginning of the industrial revolution."</em></p><p>Now wait just a minute before flinging out those <em>Communist manifestos </em>and leading a riot down Billionaire's row. Regulation and taxation on this abstraction is not the answer. </p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em>"To try to correct this irresponsibility by passing laws would be wide of the point, for most of the law has as little relation to life as money to wealth. On the contrary, problems of this kind are aggravated rather than solved by the paperwork of politics and law. </em></p><p style="margin-left: 20px;"><em>What is necessary is at once simpler and more difficult: only that financiers, bankers, and stockholders must turn themselves into real people and ask themselves exactly what they want out of life — in the realization that this strictly practical and hard–nosed question might lead to far more delightful styles of living than those they now pursue. Quite simply and literally, they must come to their senses — for their own personal profit and pleasure."</em></p><p>So then we're brought back to the original question: <em>what do I desire?</em><span></span></p></em>
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3 Flavors of Liberalism: Rational, Romantic, Realist
Are noble 18th-century norms fit for 21st-century life? Especially when, as Yuval Harari says, liberalism’s “factual statements just don’t stand up to rigorous scientific scrutiny.”
18 September, 2017
Illustration by Julia Suits, The New Yorker cartoonist & author of The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions
<p dir="ltr"><span>1. All Americans are liberals. The Founders declared (original) liberalism the self-evident centerpiece of the American deal. Let me explain, while spotlighting three flavors of liberalism: rational, romantic, realist. </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>2. </span><span>Liberal </span><span>(from Latin for “noble”) first meant “befitting free </span><a href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=liberal&allowed_in_frame=0" target="_blank"><span>people</span></a><span>” ~1500, then "free from prejudice, tolerant” ~1700, favoring “freedom and democracy" ~1801, and opposing conservatism ~1832.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>3. Historian Dennis Rasmussen discerns two Enlightenment liberalisms: “</span><a href="http://pllqt.it/25A5mw" target="_blank"><span>pragmatic</span></a><span>” and idealistic. Relabeling these “realist” and “rationalist” underscores unresolved strains in liberalism’s logic.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>4. The rationalists were “highly </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/LtGl4k" target="_blank"><span>idealistic</span></a><span>” logic-loving axiomatic-system builders—Locke’s natural law contracts, Kant’s universal logical duties, Bentham’s greatest good for the greatest number.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span> </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>5. These rationalists fell “in love with </span><a href="http://bit.ly/2fsGSIg" target="_blank"><span>geometry</span></a><span>,” with a zeal akin to religious devotion. Although much empirically refutes rationalism, their mindset and faith mind-bogglingly </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/future-history-will-puzzle-over-the-short-lived-reign-of-rationalism" target="_blank"><span>thrives</span></a><span>.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>6. Realists, like Hume, Smith, Montesquieu, and Voltaire, were “critics of reason in the… Age of </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oPOnDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=infidel+philosopher&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDtb6s9a7WAhWC1CYKHaAxDhIQ6wEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22critics%20of%20reason%20in%20the%20so-called%20Age%20of%20Reason%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>Reason</span></a><span>.” Seeing reason’s evident limits, they took a “more realistic, moderate, flexible” approach “grounded in experience and empirical observation …[not] abstract </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/1WM1e1" target="_blank"><span>standards</span></a><span>.” Liberal realists were quite conservative favoring “gradual, piecemeal reform.”</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>7. Hume called Locke’s contracts "implausibly </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRH3AQAAQBAJ&q=romantic#v=snippet&q=%22hume%20opposes%20social%20contract%22%20%22foremost%22%20%22implausibly%20individualistic%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>individualistic</span></a><span>" (imaginary “offers” you couldn’t refuse). </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/is-economic-justice-in-our-nature" target="_blank"><span>Anthropologists</span></a><span>, </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/did-paleo-economics-shape-our-moralities" target="_blank"><span>evolutionists</span></a><span> and </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/you-are-by-nature-self-deficient" target="_blank"><span>parents</span></a><span> all know no alternative self-sufficient “state of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_nature#John_Locke" target="_blank"><span>nature</span></a><span>” really existed.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>8. Kant’s high-concept abstractions can fail trivial tests. For instance, you shouldn’t lie to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_imperative#Lying_to_a_murderer" target="_blank"><span>assassins</span></a><span> about a target’s whereabouts? Beware oddball geniuses who aspirationally project their rare rigor onto </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/rationality-deficits-of-the-poor-of-the-rich-and-of-economists" target="_blank"><span>others</span></a><span>.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>9. Bentham’s “pig </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/svWKtb" target="_blank"><span>philosophy</span></a><span>” confuses pleasure with </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/heres-how-happiness-got-confusing-even-for-our-smartest-scientists" target="_blank"><span>happiness</span></a><span>. And fans of one-trick-minded calculus of consequences seem easily steamrolled, e.g., infamous “trolley </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_problem" target="_blank"><span>problems</span></a><span>” derail with a loved-one at stake (see “relational </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/economics-vs-fiction-on-human-nature" target="_blank"><span>rationality</span></a><span>”). </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>10. Yuval Harari’s big-picture patterns suggest the third kind, “romantic liberalism.” The core “liberal </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DczADQAAQBAJ&pg=PP196&dq=harari+Homo+Deus+%22supreme+authority%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxo9PYrafWAhXF8CYKHcNnA9oQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=liberal%20package&f=false" target="_blank"><span>package</span></a><span>” turns our gaze obsessively “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DczADQAAQBAJ&pg=PP196&dq=harari+Homo+Deus+%22supreme+authority%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxo9PYrafWAhXF8CYKHcNnA9oQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22liberalism%20turns%20my%20gaze%20inwards%22%20%22obsessing%20about%22%20%22my%20feelings%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>inwards</span></a><span>,” enthroning feelings as “the supreme source of </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DczADQAAQBAJ&pg=PP196&dq=harari+Homo+Deus+%22supreme+authority%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxo9PYrafWAhXF8CYKHcNnA9oQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=supreme%20source%20of%20meaning&f=false" target="_blank"><span>meaning</span></a><span>” and authority.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>11. Romantic liberalism's creed has its own “bible of </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DczADQAAQBAJ&pg=PP196&dq=harari+Homo+Deus+%22supreme+authority%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxo9PYrafWAhXF8CYKHcNnA9oQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=%22do%20what%20feels%20good%22%20%22novel%20Emile%22%20%22bible%20of%20feeling%22%20%22rules%20of%20conduct%22%20found%20%22in%20the%20depths%20of%20my%20heart%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>feeling</span></a><span>,” Rousseau’s 1762 novel </span><em>Emile</em><span>, which preaches always trust your feelings (motto = “If it </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DczADQAAQBAJ&pg=PP196&dq=harari+Homo+Deus+%22supreme+authority%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxo9PYrafWAhXF8CYKHcNnA9oQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=%22if%20it%20feels%20good%22%20do%20it&f=false" target="_blank"><span>feels good</span></a><span>, do it”). </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>12. Note art’s role as way-of-life preacher. As Wilfred Pareto said, "The most universal religion of the West… is the sex religion; the novel supplies… its </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmwfH7X-IKAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ian+watt+the+rise+of+the+novel&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiSt9i0lOHVAhUHWSYKHSBADxYQ6AEIKzAA#v=snippet&q=%22The%20most%20universal%20religion%20of%20the%20West%22%20%22is%20the%20sex%20religion%22%20%22the%20novel%20supplies%20it%20with%20its%20doctrine%20and%20its%20rituals%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>doctrine</span></a><span>.”</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>13. Idea-faith and cognitive-style issues abound. For instance, free-market-obsessed neoliberalism mixes rationalism and romanticism, but lacks </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/few-maximize-most-muddle-modelling-the-few-misleading-math" target="_blank"><span>realism</span></a><span>. The neoclassical versus behavioral economics struggle rests on realer rationality limits (see Adam Smith was a behavioral </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/adam-smith-was-a-behavioral-economist-and-no-fan-of-greed" target="_blank"><span>economist</span></a><span>, and “behavioral </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/on-behavioral-politics-and-islamic-exceptionalism" target="_blank"><span>politics</span></a><span>“).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>14. Life-shaping ideas demand regular realistic reassessment, not blinkered (enlightened-seeming) faith. As philosopher Anna Alexandrova notes, liberal faith that “only the individual is an authority on their own well-being… flies in the face of </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/olxwma" target="_blank"><span>facts</span></a><span>.” </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>15. Harari agrees, "science is undermining… the liberal </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DczADQAAQBAJ&pg=PP196&dq=harari+Homo+Deus+%22supreme+authority%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxo9PYrafWAhXF8CYKHcNnA9oQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=%22science%20is%20undermining%20the%20foundations%20of%20the%20liberal%20order%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>order</span></a><span>." Liberalism’s “factual statements just don’t stand up to rigorous scientific </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DczADQAAQBAJ&pg=PP235&dq=homo+deus+factual+statements+just+don%E2%80%99t+stand+up+to+rigorous+scientific+scrutiny&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD9s6uuq_WAhXp54MKHQhZCQMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22factual%20statements%22%20%22just%20don%E2%80%99t%20stand%20up%20to%20rigorous%20scientific%20scrutiny%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>scrutiny</span></a><span>.” For instance, individualism is a “WEIRD” sampling </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/economics-vs-fiction-on-human-nature" target="_blank"><span>error</span></a><span> (with art-configured </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/individualism-human-natures-software" target="_blank"><span>ups-and-downs</span></a><span>), presuming true inner selves risks the “fundamental attribution </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/can-these-old-paths-show-new-ways-to-see-ourselves-less-weirdly" target="_blank"><span>error</span></a><span>,” and feelings often </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/science-is-catching-up-to-the-buddha" target="_blank"><span>mislead</span></a><span>. </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>16. "New technologies kill old gods and give birth to </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DczADQAAQBAJ&pg=PP196&dq=harari+Homo+Deus+%22supreme+authority%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxo9PYrafWAhXF8CYKHcNnA9oQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=%22new%20technologies%20kill%20old%20gods%20and%20give%20birth%20to%20new%20gods%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>new gods</span></a><span>," says Harari. Likewise sacred ideas. </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>17. Are noble 18th-century norms fit for 21st-century life (when corporations can hack your </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DczADQAAQBAJ&pg=PP196&dq=harari+Homo+Deus+%22supreme+authority%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxo9PYrafWAhXF8CYKHcNnA9oQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=technology%20outsmart%20%20feelings&f=false" target="_blank"><span>feelings</span></a><span> with addictive “</span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/video-games-powerful-emotech" target="_blank"><span>emotech</span></a><span>”)?</span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><em>Illustration by <a href="http://juliasuits.net/" target="_blank">Julia Suits</a>, </em><span>The New Yorker</span><em> cartoonist & author of </em><span>The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions</span></p>
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Science is catching up to the Buddha
Does happiness require a rebellion against evolution?
29 August, 2017
Illustration by Julia Suits, The New Yorker cartoonist & author of The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions
<p dir="ltr"><span>1. </span><span>Science is confirming key Buddhist ideas. So reveals Robert Wright’s very enlightening book, <em><a href="http://whybuddhismistrue.net/" target="_blank">Why Buddhism Is </a></em></span><em><a href="http://whybuddhismistrue.net/" target="_blank">True</a><a href="http://whybuddhismistrue.net/"></a></em><span>.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>2. Wright means “true” because evolutionary logic and brain science now fit Buddhism’s ancient naturalistic (non-reincarnation-y) aspects. Consider some of Wright’s mind-stopping sentences and essentially delusion-illuminating ideas.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>3. Evolution “doesn’t care about our… </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=%22it%20doesn%E2%80%99t%20care%20about%20our%20long-term%20happiness%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>happiness</span></a><span>.” It wants us anxiously striving, thus life brings suffering (=Buddhism’s </span><span>dukkha = </span><span>“</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=suffering%20dukkha%20unsatisfactoriness%20&f=false" target="_blank"><span>unsatisfactoriness</span></a><span>”). So feeling </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/happiness-is-confusing-even-our-smartest-scientists" target="_blank"><span>happy</span></a><span> requires “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=rebellion&f=false" target="_blank"><span>rebellion</span></a><span>” against evolution’s values. </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>4. Evolution’s sole goal (=“</span><a href="https://www.philosophersmag.com/footnotes-to-plato/99-biology-vs-physics-two-ways-of-doing-science" target="_blank"><span>purpose</span></a><span>”) is gene spreading. So life feels strongly about and “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22values%20that%20natural%20selection%20embedded%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>values</span></a><span>” the needs of its gene “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=vehicle&f=false" target="_blank"><span>vehicles</span></a><span>” ( = bodies).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>5. Feelings arose to enact evolution's vehicle-centered values (=personalized go-forth-and-multiply mission). And all feelings are elaborations of basic evolutionary good-or-bad approach-or-avoid judgments.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>6. “Judging is what we’re designed </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=robert+wright+%22judging+is+what+we%27re+designed+to+do%22&source=bl&ots=mNZlxHuBDj&sig=i2EdRYEnxCvAHr8BNrYRG_yz8Rg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3p7y2_czVAhUr_4MKHe5aDJsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=robert%20wright%20%22judging%20is%20what%20we're%20designed%20to%20do%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>to do</span></a><span>.” Our heads are full of feeling-generating “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=modular%20metaphor&f=false" target="_blank"><span>modules</span></a><span>,” constantly running backstage (</span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/kahnemans-mind-clarifying-systems" target="_blank"><span>System 1</span></a><span>) that judge (assign affective adjectives to) things in our environment.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>7. “There’s no such thing as an immaculate </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhFpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT151&lpg=PT151&dq=wright+nsuch+thing+as+a+immaculate+perception&source=bl&ots=1Fa1e7NiCX&sig=VAf6RwIMFjrJTLI12xSHUPTZX8I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGzZyg1dnVAhUL0IMKHe08BDQQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=no%20such%20thing%20as%20an%20immaculate%20perception&f=false" target="_blank"><span>perception</span></a><span>” or conception (the cognitive, not sexual kind). All come bundled with </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=affective%20cognitive%20finely%20intertwinned&f=false" target="_blank"><span>feelings</span></a><span> (feelings = biochemical judgments + attached </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=always%20an%20implied%20narrative&f=false" target="_blank"><span>stories</span></a><span>, see “Darwin’s </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/how-stories-configure-human-nature" target="_blank"><span>Hindoo</span></a><span>”). </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>8. Brain science backs Buddhism’s “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=not-self&f=false" target="_blank"><span>not-self</span></a><span>” doctrine—“thoughts think </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=thoughts%20think%20themselves&f=false" target="_blank"><span>themselves</span></a><span>”—there’s no “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=CEO&f=false" target="_blank"><span>CEO</span></a><span>” module. Ordinarily, which feeling-thought-story bundles “bubble up” into awareness depends on the intensity of outputs of </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=different%20modules%20are%20competing%20for%20your%20attention&f=false" target="_blank"><span>competing</span></a><span> modules.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>9. Buddhism calls these feeling-thought-story bundles “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=delusions&f=false" target="_blank"><span>delusions</span></a><span>” because they arise from misplaced “</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism" target="_blank"><span>essentialism</span></a><span>.” Your perceptions about X may seem like essential attributes of X, but they result from “interdependent </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=interdependent%20co-arising&f=false" target="_blank"><span>co-arising</span></a><span>.” Like color, they’re co-constructed, “caused” by properties of the object, lighting, our physiology, and even </span><a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2007/05/language-influences-color-perception/" target="_blank"><span>language</span></a><span> (color =“secondary </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary/secondary_quality_distinction" target="_blank"><span>quality</span></a><span>” in Western philosophy).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>10. Science calls essentialism about people the “fundamental attribution </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=fundamental%20attribution%20error&f=false" target="_blank"><span>error</span></a><span>” (blaming dispositional traits over situational factors). But this error varies by culture, Jerome Kagan says Asian psychologists wouldn’t ever dream up the “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeXhXFh5RlwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=jerome+kagan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiG95yW3NnVAhUJ_4MKHfyqDLgQ6wEIPDAD#v=snippet&q=%22no%20asian%20psychologist%20would%20have%20invented%20the%20big%20five%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>Big Five</span></a><span>” personality traits (e.g., Korean uses act-plus-context as the basic “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeXhXFh5RlwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=jerome+kagan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiG95yW3NnVAhUJ_4MKHfyqDLgQ6wEIPDAD#v=snippet&q=%22koreans%20regard%20an%20act%20in%20a%20context%20as%20the%20significant%20unit%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>unit</span></a><span>”). </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>11. Buddhists don’t fight feeling-delusions directly. Rather they “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=technique%20RAIN&f=false" target="_blank"><span>R.A.I.N</span></a><span>.” them in—recognize, accept, inspect, and nonidentify (feelings aren’t an essential part of you). </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>12. Mindfulness meditation trains you in metacognitive skills (thinking about thinking) that </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=weaken&f=false" target="_blank"><span>weaken</span></a><span> unhelpful feelings and </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=empower&f=false" target="_blank"><span>empower</span></a><span> calmer ones.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>13. Buddhist language like "nothing possesses inherent </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhFpDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipz86lh9fVAhVG7YMKHXNLCD8Q6wEILDAA#v=snippet&q=%22nothing%20possesses%20inherent%20existence%22&f=false" target="_blank"><span>existence</span></a><span>" can seem to go too far, since our unobjective “delusions” are often accurate enough.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>14. But </span><span>Buddhism </span><span>beat Einstein to relativity’s core insight, that there’s no “view from </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=view%20from%20nowhere&f=false" target="_blank"><span>nowhere</span></a><span>,” or God’s-eye view (even the truths of physics are </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/can-ancient-atomic-logic-cure-cutting-edge-science-problems" target="_blank"><span>relational</span></a><span>, perspectival).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>15. Evolution’s save-your-own-skin values tend to inculcate </span><span>the perspective that we’re “</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=special&f=false" target="_blank"><span>special</span></a><span>.” </span><span>But perhaps these evolution-given values are more like food than air (the former far more culturally configurable than the latter).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>16. Wright feels our evolutionary “vehicle stops at the </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=vehicle%20stops%20at%20the%20skin&f=false" target="_blank"><span>skin</span></a><span>,” but that view is shifting—every vehicle needs ”</span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/each-of-you-is-a-multitude-heres-why" target="_blank"><span>multitudes</span></a><span>,” and “every self is a </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/in-evolutions-orchestra-its-bad-news-for-soloists-they-dont-fit" target="_blank"><span>society</span></a><span>.” </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>17. Our “extended vehicles” raise broader “vehicular </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/every-self-gene-must-also-cooperate" target="_blank"><span>viability</span></a><span>” issues (see “universal survivor </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/universal-computers-replicators-survivors"><span>logic</span></a><span>”). And beyond the personal practical benefits meditation offers, Wright feels a “Metacognitive </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkvDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=wright+buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjext2cz9nVAhUEKiYKHdC_DcIQ6wEILzAB#v=snippet&q=revoution&f=false" target="_blank"><span>Revolution</span></a><span>” could save the planet (Buddha and the art of vehicles maintenance). </span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><em>Illustration by <a href="http://juliasuits.net/" target="_blank">Julia Suits</a>, </em><span>The New Yorker</span><em> cartoonist & author of </em><span>The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions</span></p>
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Taking Liberties With Workable Liberty
It's time to get real about key ideas that run our lives, which have been taking laughable liberties with human nature – and with the logic of livable liberty.
03 February, 2017
Illustration by Julia Suits, The New Yorker cartoonist & author of The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions
<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-9907ba9f-0b65-03e0-6a06-20b726445cf9"> </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>1. Our way of life takes liberties with human nature. </span><span>It uses Enlightenment ideas about reason which </span><span>Samuel Hammond says </span><span>psychologists know are “very</span><a href="http://pllqt.it/msLS0J"><span> </span><span>unrealistic</span></a><span>” (if not laughable).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>2. Hammond’s </span><a href="https://niskanencenter.org/blog/future-liberalism-politicization-everything/"><span>essay</span></a><span> on liberalism (=workable liberties sought by lefties and conservatives) makes many crucial points, but isn’t entirely realistic about reason’s role.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>3. Key principles of workable liberty are discovered, not </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/tSggQu"><span>invented</span></a><span>. For instance, Hammond says, church/state separation and multicultural religious toleration were discovered in 1590s </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/Ioa72q"><span>India</span></a><span> under Islamic rule. And in 1640s Europe after many </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/WiqkUw"><span>wars</span></a><span>. (Aside, the supposed “failure of </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/xq3XQx"><span>multiculturalism</span></a><span>”isn’t </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/DewL5j"><span>universal</span></a><span>).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>4. Certain behavioral rule patterns (like the Golden Rule, or property </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/PcwfOo"><span>rights</span></a><span>) are discoverable by any perspective-taking game-theoretic thinking. </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>5. Game theory enables “mathematical…</span><a href="http://bit.ly/23zyyXM"><span>ethics</span></a><span>" with patterns as provable as </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/poetic-naturalism-and-moral-geometry"><span>geometry</span></a><span>. And like geometry, game theory takes teaching (try rediscovering Euclid). But cooperation-preserving game theory matters far more than geometry. </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>6. Hammond mentions the badly taught Prisoner’s Dilemma </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner's_dilemma"><span>game</span></a><span>. If the strategy labeled “rational” produces bad results, is it rightly called </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/moral-sciences-are-back"><span>rational</span></a><span>? That the Golden Ruled or god-fearing beat “rationalists” suggests we need to rescue “</span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/do-we-need-to-rescue-rationality"><span>rationality</span></a><span>.”</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>7. “Experts play a vital role” says Hammond. Yes, but only if they’re properly motivated. If experts (or leaders) aren’t loyal to something above self-gain, like the public good, they’re </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/the-perils-of-plutogoguery"><span>buyable</span></a><span> and unreliable (see Plato on greed-driven </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/too-democratic-lets-see-what-plato-says"><span>politics</span></a><span>, + original </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/what-the-most-successful-euphemism-in-history-is-doing-to-us"><span>idiocy</span></a><span>). </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>8. Hammond feels that “reason can help establish… cooperative norms.” But they’re also established, transmitted and internalized emotionally (see </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/how-paleo-economics-shaped-us-physically-and-morally"><span>paleo-economics</span></a><span>). Social emotions evolved partly for cooperation, as did language (we’ve got evolved social cooperation rule processors, akin to our tacit grammar rule </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/it-is-in-our-nature-to-need-rules"><span>processors</span></a><span>).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>9. Darwin saw that in humans workable </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/darwins-bad-break-how-his-name-is-misused"><span>cooperative</span></a><span> norms work like natural-moral </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/are-there-logical-limits-to-self-maximization"><span>selection</span></a><span>. Your way of life </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/DW7qYQ"><span>discovers</span></a><span> them, or it dies out (see </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/two-kinds-of-success-an-unnamed-natural-law"><span>needism</span></a><span>, + negative </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/moral-sciences-are-back"><span>telos</span></a><span>).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span> </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>10. Hammond advises “reason and persuasion, not fear-mongering or other emotive strategies.” But persuasion often requires emotion (see </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/what-trump-can-teach-smart-folks"><span>Aristotle’s</span></a><span> rhetoric). The trick is to recruit emotions for “good,” not to ignore them (see Plato’s emotive </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/reason-emotion-kahneman-is-the-freud-slayer"><span>Chariot</span></a><span>, + facts versus </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/how-do-our-fears-work-can-we-trust-new-facts-to-cure-them"><span>fears</span></a><span>). </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>11. Many besides psychologists know that the Enlightenment’s reason-reliance is laughably unrealistic. Only the unobservant or “experts” educated into “rationalist </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/better-behaved-behavioral-models"><span>delusions</span></a><span>” or “theory induced </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/kahnemans-mind-clarifying-work-mysterious-coinages-can-help-in-science"><span>blindness</span></a><span>” (like </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/Fvaq2G"><span>model</span></a><span>-mesmerized </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/the-label-rational-is-being-used-illogically"><span>economists</span></a><span>) could believe otherwise.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>12. Some Enlightenment thinkers understood; Hobbes—>“Reason is not...born with us…but attained by </span><a href="http://bit.ly/184vaJC"><span>industry</span></a><span>,” Hume—>“Reason Is and Ought Only to Be the Slave of the </span><a href="http://pllqt.it/BEAUiO"><span>Passions</span></a><span>:”</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>13. But less realistic ideas won, and “Enlightenment errors,” though unempirical, still underpin democracy and economics. </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>14. Three unempirical “Enlightenment errors,” rationalism, individualism, and hedonism, are particularly seductive because they’re partly truth. However their elegant oversimplifications exclude much that matters. They’re typically empirically complex compositions hybridized with their opposites (emotional and relational </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/the-label-rational-is-being-used-illogically"><span>rationality</span></a><span>, self-deficient </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/you-are-by-nature-self-deficient"><span>individualism</span></a><span>, painstaking </span><a href="https://www.edge.org/conversation/rebecca_newberger_goldstein-the-mattering-instinct"><span>mattering</span></a><span> and meaning-</span><a href="http://pllqt.it/u6MQVA"><span>seeking</span></a><span>).</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>15. No workable liberty can permit freedom to harm what your </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/astronaut-vs-cowboy-ethics"><span>community</span></a><span> depends on. Yet “logic” that pits self-interest against collective </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/needism-the-logic-of-liberty"><span>self-preservation</span></a><span> lurks among the </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/what-if-the-price-was-never-right"><span>market-mesmerized</span></a><span>.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>16. Ways of life built on unempirical views of emotions or reason aren’t sustainable. Hammond makes progress by using empirically sounder psychology (e.g., mentioning System 1 + </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/kahnemans-mind-clarifying-biases"><span>System 2</span><span>). </span></a><span>But long-lived liberty requires “behavioral </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/on-behavioral-politics-and-islamic-exceptionalism"><span>politics</span></a><span>” and “better behaved behavioural </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/errors-we-live-by/better-behaved-behavioral-models"><span>models</span></a><span>.”</span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p dir="ltr"> </p> <p dir="ltr">-- </p> <p><em>Illustration by <a href="http://juliasuits.net/" target="_blank">Julia Suits</a>, </em>The New Yorker<em> cartoonist & author of </em>The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions</p>
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'God is dead': What Nietzsche really meant
The death of God didn’t strike Nietzsche as an entirely good thing. Without a God, the basic belief system of Western Europe was in jeopardy.
12 August, 2016
<p dir="ltr"><span> </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span><span>It’s been 134 years since </span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">Friedrich Nietzsche</span><span> declared: “God is Dead” (or </span><em><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">Gott ist tot</span></em><span>, in German), giving philosophy students a collective headache that’s lasted from the </span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">19th century</span><span> until today. It is, perhaps, one of the best known statements in all of philosophy, well known even to those who have never picked up a copy of</span> </span><em><a href="http://www.indiebound.org/book/9780394719856" target="_blank">The Gay Science</a></em><span>, <span>the book from which it originates. But do we know exactly what he meant? Or perhaps more importantly, what it means for us?</span></span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>Nietzsche was an atheist for his </span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">adult life</span><span> and didn’t mean that there was a God who had actually died, rather that our idea of one had. After</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" target="_blank">the Enlightenment</a>, <span>the idea of a universe that was governed by physical laws and not by divine providence was now reality. Philosophy had shown that governments no longer needed to be organized around the idea of divine right to be legitimate, but rather by the consent or rationality of the governed — that large and consistent moral theories could exist without reference to God. This was a </span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">tremendous event</span><span>. </span><span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">Europe</span> no longer needed God as the source for all morality, value, or order in the universe; philosophy and science were capable of doing that for us.</span><span> This increasing secularization of thought in the </span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">West</span><span> led the philosopher to realize that not only was </span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">God dead</span><span> but that </span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">human beings</span><span> had killed him with their </span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">scientific revolution</span><span>, their desire to better understand the world.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span> </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>The death of God didn’t strike Nietzsche as an entirely good thing. Without a God, the basic belief system of Western </span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">Europe</span><span> was in jeopardy, as he put it in</span> <em><a href="http://www.indiebound.org/book/9781478269540" target="_blank">Twilight of the Idols</a></em>:<strong> “When one gives up the Christian faith, one pulls the right to Christian morality out from under one's feet. This morality is by no means self-evident… Christianity is a system, a whole view of things thought out together. By breaking one main concept out of it, the faith in God, one breaks the whole.”</strong></p> <p dir="ltr"><strong> </strong></p> <div class="video-callout-placeholder" data-slug="simon-critchley-examines-friedrich-nietzsche" style="border: 1px solid #ccc;">
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<strong>simon-critchley-examines-friedrich-nietzsche</strong></div> <p>Nietzsche thought this could be a good thing for some people, saying: <strong>“... at hearing the news that 'the old god is dead', we philosophers and 'free spirits' feel illuminated by a new dawn.” </strong>A <span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">bright morning</span> had arrived. With the old system of meaning gone a new one could be created, but it came with risks—ones that could bring out the worst in <span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">human nature</span>. Nietzsche believed that the removal of this system put most people at the risk of despair or meaninglessness. What could the point of life be without a God? Even if there was one, the <span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">Western world</span> now knew that he hadn’t placed us at the centre of the universe, and it was learning of the lowly origin from which man had evolved. We finally saw the <span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">true world</span>. The universe wasn’t made solely for <span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">human existence</span> anymore. Nietzsche feared that this understanding of the world would lead to pessimism, <strong>“a will to nothingness”</strong> that was antithetical to the life-affirming philosophy Nietzsche prompted.</p> <p>His fe<strong>ar of nihilism and our reaction to it was shown in <em>The Will to Power</em>, when he wrote that: "What I relate is the history of the next two centuries. I describe what is coming, what can no longer come differently: the advent of nihilism... For some time now our whole European culture has been moving as toward a catastrophe." </strong>He would not have been surprised by the events that plagued <span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">Europe</span> in the <span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">20th century</span>. Communism, Nazism, Nationalism, and the other ideologies that made their way across the continent in the wake of World War I sought to provide man with meaning and value, as a worker, as an Aryan, or some other <span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">greater deed</span>; in a similar way as to how Christianity could provide meaning as a child of God, and give life on Earth value by relation to heaven. While he may have rejected those ideologies, he no doubt would have acknowledged the need for the meaning they provided.</p> <p>Of course, as <span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">Nietzsche saw</span> this coming, he offered us a way out. The creation of our own values as individuals. The creation of a meaning of life by those who live it. The archetype of the individual who can do this has a name that has also reached our popular consciousness: the Übermensch. Nietzsche however, saw this as a distant goal for man and one that most would not be able to reach. The Übermensch, which he felt had yet to exist on Earth, would create meaning in life by their will alone, and understand that they are, in the end, responsible for their selection. As he put it in <em>Thus <span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">Spoke Zarathustra</span></em>: <strong>"For the game of creation, my brothers, a sacred yes is needed: the spirit now wills his own will." </strong>Such a bold individual will not be able to point to dogma or popular opinion as to why they value what they do.</p> <p>Having suggested the rarity and difficulty in creating the Übermensch, Nietzsche suggested an alternative response to Nihilism, and one that he saw as the more likely to be selected; The Last Man. A <strong>“most contemptible thing”</strong> who lives a quiet life of comfort, without thought for individuality or personal growth as: <strong>"'We have discovered happiness,' -- say the Last Men, and they blink."</strong> Much to the disappointment of <span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">Zarathustra</span>, Nietzsche’s mouthpiece, the people whom he preaches to beg him for the lifestyle of The Last Man, suggesting his pessimism on our ability to handle God’s death. </p> <p>But you might ask, if God has been dead for so long and we are supposed to be suffering for knowing it, where are all the atheists? Nietzsche himself provided an answer: <strong>“God is dead; but given the way of men, there may still be caves for thousands of years in which his shadow will be shown.” </strong>Perhaps we are only now seeing the effects of Nietzsche’s declaration.</p> <p dir="ltr"><span> </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>Indeed, </span><a href="http://bigthink.com/Mind-Matters/why-atheism-has-a-bright-future"><span>atheism is on the march</span></a><span>, <span>with near majorities in many European countries and newfound growth across the United States heralding a </span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">cultural shift</span><span>. But, unlike when atheism was enforced by the communist nations, there isn’t necessarily a </span><span class="term_mark popover-toggle mark">worldview</span><span> backing this new lack of God, it is only the lack. Indeed, British philosopher Bertrand Russell saw Bolshevism as nearly a religion unto itself; it was fully capable and willing to provide meaning and value to a population by itself. That source of meaning without belief is gone.</span></span></p> <p dir="ltr"><a href="http://bigthink.com/ideafeed/athiests-are-just-as-emotionally-healthy-as-believers"><span>As many atheists know</span></a><span>, <span>to not have a god without an additional philosophical structure providing meaning can be a cause of existential dread. Are we at risk of becoming a society struggling with our own meaninglessness? Are we as a society at risk for nihilism? Are we more vulnerable now to ideologies and conmen who promise to do what God used to do for us and society?</span></span><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/27/politics/iran-nuclear-deal-sanctions-cnn-orc-poll/"><span> </span><span>While Americans are</span></a><a href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article70329267.html"><span> </span><span>increasingly pessimistic</span></a><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/americans-pessimism-future/409564/"><span> about the future</span></a><span>,</span><a href="http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/gloom-and-doom-americans-more-pessimistic-about-future"><span> </span><span>the non-religious are less so</span></a><span> <span>than the religious. It seems Nietzsche may have been wrong in the long run about our ability to deal with the idea that God is dead.</span></span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span> </span></p> <div class="video-callout-placeholder" data-slug="values-without-religion" style="border: 1px solid #ccc;">
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</div> <p dir="ltr"><span>As</span><a href="http://bigthink.com/videos/values-without-religion"><span> </span><span>Alain de Botton suggests</span></a> about our values, it seems that we have managed to deal with the death of God better than Nietzsche had thought we would; we are not all the Last Men, nor have we descended into a situation where all morality is seen as utterly relative and meaningless. It seems that we have managed to create a world where the need for God is reduced for some people without falling into collective despair or chaos.</p> <p>Are we as individuals up to the task of creating our own values? Creating meaning in life by ourselves without aid from God, dogma, or popular choice? Perhaps some of us are, and if we understand the implications of the death of God we stand a better chance of doing so. The despair of the death of God may give way to new meaning in our lives; for as Jean-Paul Sartre suggested <strong>"life begins on the other side of despair."</strong></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>--</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span> </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>Sources:</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>Abrams, Daniel, Haley Yaple, and Richard Wiener. "ArXiv.org Physics ArXiv:1012.1375v2." </span><span>[1012.1375v2] A Mathematical Model of Social Group Competition with Application to the Growth of Religious Non-affiliation</span><span>. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Aug. 2016.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>"Americans Overwhelmingly Pessimistic about Country's Path, Poll Finds." </span><span>Mcclatchydc</span><span>. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Aug. 2016.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>"America's Growing Pessimism." </span><span>The Atlantic</span><span>. Atlantic Media Company, 10 Oct. 2015. Web. 04 Aug. 2016.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>"CNN/ORC Poll: 57% Pessimistic about U.S. Future, Highest in 2 Years." </span><span>CNN</span><span>. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 04 Aug. 2016.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, and Walter Arnold Kaufmann. "The Meaning of Our Cheerfulness." </span><span>The Gay Science: With a Prelude in Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs</span><span>. New York: Vintage, 1974. N. pag. Print.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>Press, Connie Cass Associated. "Gloom and Doom? Americans More Pessimistic about Future." </span><span>Las Vegas Review-Journal</span><span>. N.p., 03 Jan. 2014. Web. 04 Aug. 2016.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>Russell, Bertrand. </span><span>Bolshevism: Practice and Theory</span><span>. New York: Arno, 1972. Print.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span> </span></p>
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