Psilocybin rapidly promotes neuroplasticity in the brains of rats

The study: magic mushrooms and the prefrontal cortex/hippocampus of rats

The study examined the acute effects of a single dose (0.5-20mg/kg) of psilocybin on the brain of rats. In total, 45 genes and 8 reference genes were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The corresponding protein levels of the three most commonly regulated genes were then assessed using Western blotting.

In the prefrontal cortex, the drug increased the expression of the following:

• CEBPB (protein-coding gene)
• c-Fos (a proto-oncogene)
• DUSP-1 (protein-coding gene)
• FOSB (protein-coding gene)
• JunB (protein-coding gene)
• IkBa (inhibitor gene)
• Nr4a1 (growth factor gene)
• P11 (protein)
• Psd95 (protein)
• SGK1 (protein-coding gene)

The drug also decreased the expression of CLK1, an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the CLK1 gene.

In the hippocampus, psilocybin strongly increased the expression of:

• Arrdc2 (protein)
• DUSP-1 (protein-coding gene)
• IkBa (inhibitor gene)
• SGK1 (protein-coding gene)

The drug also decreased the expression of ARC (neuronal gene encoder), CLK1, EGR2 (protein-coding), and PTGS2 (protein-coding). The protein levels of certain genes (IkBa, DUSP1, and SGK1) showed only partial agreement with transcriptional patterns, which stresses the importance of assessing downstream translation with these kinds of rapid gene responses.

What does this mean?

This study demonstrates that psilocybin not only includes gene expression that's heavily related to neuroplasticity, but it does so as a very rapid response to the chemical. The results were biased towards the prefrontal cortex compared to the hippocampus, but the findings of this study provide undeniable evidence for the rapid plasticity-promoting effects of psilocybin.

Can magic mushrooms treat depression?

Several studies (including this one from 2017) have suggested that psilocybin could be a treatment for depression. In this study, 19 patients were given two incrementally larger doses of psilocybin administered one week apart. MRI scans were taken of the brains of patients before and after the doses were administered. The results of the study showed that the chemical reduced and then increased the amount of blood flow to (and thus changing the activity levels of) different regions of the brain, some of which are associated with depressive symptoms.

The patients of this study also self-reported improved mood spikes lasting for up to five weeks after the ingestion of psilocybin. The patients even explained that they felt as though their brains had been "reset" or "rebooted" - this effect being known (in unscientific settings) as the "afterglow" of psilocybin use.

Psychedelic drugs (like psilocybin) may hold untold potential in treating not only depression but anxiety and addiction, as well.

While researchers are still pursuing how psychedelics like psilocybin could be beneficial to human brains, there are some theories surrounding how psychedelics could help in addiction therapies.

"People will often report a changed relationship in observing themselves. I think this is much like what we refer to as mindfulness: someone's ability to view their own motivations and behaviour from a more detached and less judgemental perspective," said Matthew Johnson, a professor of psychology at Johns-Hopkins University who is testing psilocybin in a trial aimed at nicotine addiction.