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Everything We Know About Physics in One Neat Infographic
If you've ever wondered which part of physics covers which part of space, fret no more. Here is an awesome map that lays it all out.
Map of Physics by Dominic Walliman
Space is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mindbogglingly big it is. But DON’T PANIC. Physics is on it. And if you've ever wondered which part of physics covers which part of space, fret no more. Here is an awesome map that lays it all out.
Dominic Walliman, “youtuber, science writer and physicist,” has created a wonderful infographic that shows the many branches of physics and how they all come together. He has accompanied it with a brief but informative video that gives a chronological overview of each branch and explains the matters (and energies) it is concerned with.
You may learn, for example, that Condensed Matter Physics describes the quantum physics of many atoms together in solids and liquids and is where technologies like computers and lasers come from. You may also learn that Quantum Field Theory is the closest we've gotten to bridging the gap between quantum physics and the Special Theory of Relativity but Quantum Field Theory has not yet found a way to include gravity (!) in it. (That feels like a pretty big gap.)
Credit: Dominic Walliman / Full resolution image here.
Walliman made the map to help people who may feel lost in physics like he once was.
“When you are learning a new subject, I think the single most useful thing is a good mind map that lays out all the subject areas so you know where the information you are learning fits in. I can remember so many times, sitting in a lecture, having no idea what the prof was talking about and how it related to other subjects.
I think this is often the case when I’m explaining physics to other people. I know physics really well (one would hope so after doing it for such a long time), so I thought I would make a map of all of physics as it is now. This is all the stuff we know about physics - and a few things we know we don’t know.”
He has created several other mind maps and videos, like a map of chemistry, a map of mathematics and a map of computer science.
While the map of physics sure seems daunting as is, it actually only covers scientific fields that describe about 5% of the universe. With dark energy and dark matter making up the other 95%, there are many new branches of physics we can be expecting in the future.
Our schools are built differently. That’s how we’re weathering this pandemic.
'Know thy students' is the principle that can change the form of education, worldwide.
15 May, 2020
Photo: Klaus Vedfelt/Getty Images
Sponsored by Charles Koch Foundation
- During the coronavirus pandemic, students in close to 200 Big Picture Learning (BPL) schools worldwide have continued their education, thanks to BPL's unique school design.
- At BPL, each student is part of a small learning community of 15-20 students called an Advisory, led by a teacher called an Advisor. Students have community mentors, do off-campus internships, and even tackle college courses.
- Each Advisor truly knows the students in their Advisory. These close ties have allowed learning at BPL to respond and adapt to the challenges presented by coronavirus.
<p><br></p>
<p>As <a href="https://www.bigpicture.org/" target="_blank">Big Picture Learning</a> (BPL) approaches its 25th year, we always ask the perennial questions: How are we positioned to grasp emerging opportunities that transform education systems and awaken the possibilities of an engaged population of learners? How might our vision and practice reflect the current, turbulent conditions? With the rules of engagement always being rewritten and old assumptions no longer viable, how do we "up our game" as an organization? We do this by constantly responding with our 'one student at a time, within a community of fellow learners' approach.</p>
<p>During the current coronavirus crisis, our students in close to 200 schools worldwide have continued to engage in their learning because their BPL schools<em> know them</em>—they are supported right now, wherever they are, to use their skills, interests and creativity.</p>
<blockquote>As one of our students stated early on to an Advisor, "We don't care what you know until we know that you care. Know us." </blockquote>
<p>Here's how BPL is different. We are a lively non-profit that proves all young people, including (and especially) our under-served urban and rural students, can succeed in high school, college, or any other post-secondary learning path, trade, service, business or professional career. We make it happen by sticking to three basic principles.</p><ol><li>Learning must be based on each student's interests and needs.</li><li>Curriculum must be relevant to the student and allow them to do real work in the real world that also includes real work online.</li><li>Students' growth and abilities must be measured by the quality of their work and how it changes them.</li></ol><p>Every day, we strive to form deep ties that connect students, teachers and advisors, parents, mentors, and their entire community.</p>
How Big Picture Learning's schools work
<span style="display:block;position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="43a2f898a024827ba61c7c28330cbf8c"><iframe type="lazy-iframe" data-runner-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8O5fYxg0Qig?rel=0" width="100%" height="auto" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;"></iframe></span><p>At BPL, each student is part of a small learning community of 15-20 students called an Advisory, led by a teacher called an Advisor. The Advisor helps each student create their own curriculum, a personal one that reflects and expands their own interests and aspirations. School days include off-campus internships generated from and guided by each student's interest—real-life training in real-world work. It could be in a design studio, research lab, recording studio, law office, bank, airport hangar, hospital—it could be anywhere, including online. BPL students also take college courses. Every quarter they exhibit their work to their Advisor, peers, parents, mentors and the community.<br></p><p>Each student also has an adult mentor outside of school. The parent or adult advocate of each student is also actively enlisted as still another resource for student learning and for the school community.</p><p>Big Picture Learning clicks because the student is the curriculum and the community is the school, where everyone is engaged in the learning journey of each and every student.</p>
<p>During the coronavirus pandemic, our students have continued their education, fully supported. We have many students who have continued their community-based internships remotely because they have close ties with their mentors and Advisors. Four of our students who have had an internship with a newspaper recently published <a href="https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/special/coronavirus/teens-interrupted-569735292.html" target="_blank">their coronavirus experiences</a> in their city newspaper. A student with a <a href="https://www.harborfreightfellows.org/" target="_blank">Harbor Freight Fellowship</a> in the skilled trades is continuing to build a Tiny House with online mentor and advisor support.</p><p>Our Advisors are not only in contact with each other and their students, but they are connecting across schools, districts, states and internationally. Advisors in California and Washington are arranging for their students to connect with BPL students in Europe to build relationships, collaborate on projects and to attend each other's online exhibitions.</p>
<p>Twelve years ago,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Christensen" target="_blank"> Clayton Christensen</a> spent time with<a href="https://www.bigpicture.org/" target="_blank"> </a>BPL and here's what he said, "Big Picture Learning is a perfect example of a heavyweight team that has redefined—indeed, revolutionized—schooling. By bringing students and their interests to the forefront, Big Picture Learning is a model of student-centered learning, which is key to intrinsically motivating students to provide them with the education they deserve."</p><p>Clay makes great points about BPL. He captures our essence. We strive to make the shift from an intervention model of education to a prevention design where learning is interest-driven, productive and self-directed, where teachers are with students on their learning journeys and not constantly doing something to students. This is how students get engaged. As one of our students stated early on to an Advisor, "We don't care what you know until we know that you care. Know us."</p><p>Reflecting on BPL's work, David Gersten, one of our board members, told me today, "Pain that is not transformed is transmitted." In these times and always, this is BPL. This is how we tick and why we click.</p>
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Smart vultures never, ever cross the Spain-Portugal border. Why?
The first rule of Vulture Club: stay out of Portugal.
23 February, 2018
The first rule of Vulture Club: stay out of Portugal. (Image: Eneko Arrondo)
Surprising Science
So you're a vulture, riding the thermals that rise up over Iberia. Your way of life is ancient, ruled by needs and instincts that are way older than the human civilization that has overtaken the peninsula below, and the entire planet.
<p></p><p>But that doesn't mean you're oblivious to change. Survival means being flexible, wary of new dangers and open to new opportunities. In this case, it means being aware of a strange thing the humans call a 'border', more specifically the one between Spain and Portugal. </p> <p></p><p>That border may be an arbitrary and artificial line, but as a vulture who's with the survival-of-the-cleverest programme, you know better than to stray west of it. Why? Because all the good carcasses are in the east, on the so-called 'Spanish' side. </p> <p></p><p>These two maps track the movement of two species of vulture native to the Iberian peninsula: the griffon vulture (<em>Gyps fulvus</em>) on the left, the black vulture (<em>Aegypius monachus</em>) on the right. And while vultures of either (or any) kind can fly hundreds of miles in search of carrion to eat, it is clear that the specimens tracked avoid Portuguese territory like the plague.</p> <p></p><p>In fact, both tracking maps are pretty good at revealing exactly where the Spanish-Portuguese border is. How's that? No, vultures have no concept of political geography. And the climate, topography, and ecosystems on either side of the border are pretty much the same.</p> <p></p><p>But these birds know their carcasses. In 2001, an EU directive aimed at curbing mad cow disease mandated the immediate burial or incineration of cattle found dead in the fields. Spain—home to 90% of Europe's carrion bird population—abandoned the measure a few years later, but it's still on the books in Portugal. </p> <p></p><p>For two to three years, researchers used GPS trackers to record the movements of 60 griffon vultures and 11 black vultures, showing that they rarely ventured into Portugal. Only 13 of all vultures studied flew over into Portuguese territory during the course of the study. Unsurprisingly, vulture numbers in Portugal are low, and local populations are on the brink of extinction. </p> <p></p><p><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xODI0MTUzNC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY0MjQxMDYxNH0.xPz2Il8wUyNVfP8avG2UUttuKdai0qoFWIJ7ofpwi4g/img.jpg?width=980" id="34a67" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="0cdf0baa46ca6c1f2eb2dbd82a36002c" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image"><br><em>Map found <a href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/02/15/ciencia/1518707418_741915.html" target="_blank">here</a> in </em><a href="https://elpais.com/" target="_blank">El Pais</a><em>.</em></p> <p></p><p><strong>Strange Maps #887</strong></p> <p></p><p><em>Got a strange map? Let me know at</em> <a href="mailto:strangemaps@gmail.com" target="_blank">strangemaps@gmail.com</a>. </p>
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We need highly formal rituals in order to make life more democratic
Comfort has won, and most formality is gone.
19 June, 2020
Stephen Maturen/Getty Images
Politics & Current Affairs
Benedictus, Benedicat, per Jesum Christum, Dominum Nostrum. Amen.
Please be seated. It's dinner time in St Paul's College, Sydney, where I'm dean and head of house at Graduate House.
<p> The members of the High Table, wearing academic gowns, have processed into the refectory to a table laden with candelabra and silver accoutrements from the college treasury, each place set with cutlery and glasses. The students, also in gowns, rise from their seats to acknowledge the High Table, and stand until the presider has finished the Latin grace (this is the shorter one – a longer version is kept for feasts). Now that all are seated, a three-course meal is served, accompanied by poetry, music, announcements and general well-dressed merriment. Port is served. A final grace is said after dinner, then all retire to the common room for coffee (or more port) and further conversation. The men wear ties. The women dress up. Diners bow to the High Table when excusing themselves, and the High Table bows back when departing from dinner.</p><p>This is, by no means, an entirely unique ritual. Everywhere the British empire planted its flag, its two great universities of Oxford and Cambridge spread their collegiate model, and so Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States all have their colleges, each with their traditional ways of dining and living. St Paul's is the oldest such college in Australia, but it's different from the others (and from those in Britain) in a significant respect. St Paul's contains two communities – undergraduate and postgraduate – each with their own buildings, dining halls, common rooms, and leadership; each almost a college unto itself, but joined in many endeavours. The undergraduate community was founded in 1856, and Graduate House, which I lead, in 2019. Yet, despite this difference in antiquity, the description above describes dinner in either community, every week.</p>
<p>When I started as dean of Graduate House, there was no Graduate House, only an incomplete construction site and an idea. My brief was to recruit the students and academics, fill the buildings with people, set up student leadership, and design and define the culture and practices of a new college-within-a-college.</p><p>I didn't want for unsolicited advice. The most common sentiments I heard were unsurprising: 'a new college can be modern', 'you don't need gowns', 'you don't need formal dinner', 'graduate students in a new college will want it casual!'</p><p>We wear gowns. To formal dinners. It is not casual. It is not 'modern'.</p><p>I hold an unpopular view. I believe, firmly and invariably, that life in the 21st century is too informal and empty of ritual, and that we should encourage and erect more needless formality. Formality, ritual and ceremony – not casual approachability – are among the most effective ways of making the world and its institutions more inclusive and egalitarian. We all need much more formality in our lives.</p><p>The past century has been a good one for individual freedoms – in almost every respect. This wholesale liberalisation has included the freedom of individuals to dress, dine and discourse how they like it. And how they like it is invariably: 'casual', 'low key', 'without too much fuss', 'not too precious', 'not too pretentious', 'not ostentatious' or, as I heard just the other day, 'not too "bougie"' (<em>qua</em> 'bourgeois')… in short, informal. Comfort is king in the modern world; and comfort is the excuse proffered for the evaporation of formality from daily life.</p>
<p>While formality and its rituals persist in little pockets, they do so only where they are bolstered by elaborate protective struts. In general (though decreasingly), government ceremonies remain somewhat formal. With ever increasing exceptions, weddings and funerals cling to formal traditions. The High Church has positioned itself as the last refuge of formal practice – a claim that would have no teeth had not the Low Church so effectively abolished the bells and smells and hymns and ceremony in favour of appealing to parishioners who want a service that 'isn't too fussy'.</p><p>Comfort has won, and most formality is gone. But the freedom of informality comes at a cost. Formality is the bulwark against some of the nastiest human impulses, and acts as a vaccine against our most dangerous tendency: forming in-groups and out-groups.</p><p>There's nothing you or I or the Pope or the United Nations could do to stop humans from forming clubs, inventing or elevating meaningful markers of difference, and building fences and corrals that keep one's group together while keeping the <a href="https://aeon.co/essays/if-we-love-our-friends-does-that-make-us-hate-our-enemies" target="_blank">'others'</a> out. We are a tribal ape with a brain built to exaggerate our allegiance to our small band while manning the barricades against others distinguished by vanishingly tiny differences. Individuals can, with great effort, consciously <a href="https://aeon.co/essays/why-care-and-the-scare-are-inseparable-when-you-love-someone" target="_blank">suppress</a> this nasty bit of programming, but populations on the whole will <a href="https://aeon.co/essays/does-evolution-explain-the-social-antipathy-to-refugees" target="_blank">fail</a>.</p>
<p>Groups can form around any distinguishing feature, from the harmless, such as sporting teams, schools attended or favourite novels, to the nefarious, such as race, class or sex. Each person can disavow some marks of difference while clinging to others – and no person can disavow them all.</p><p>This mental virus might be incurable, but there is a vaccine: formality. Formality gives us something harmless around which to form an in-group: namely, knowledge of the rules of that particular formality, with its own trials of membership and rules of initiation.</p><p>'Ah yes, the dress code <em>is</em> a bit difficult to understand… You see, it's based on Edwardian standards, of course, so "semiformal" actually means black tie! No, no, don't worry a bit, it <em>is</em> unusual…'</p><p>The opportunity to be a crowing pedant about the rules of formality gives one something to do instead of in-grouping around more exclusionary traits, such as to which expensive school one went. More importantly, the rules of formality are ultimately accessible to all. Anyone can learn the etiquette and wear the tie, and so become part of the ever larger, ever more diverse in-group that practices the formality of the event.</p><p>The livery companies of the City of London are some of the more formal and traditional institutions in the United Kingdom today; formal dinners, ceremonies in Tudor (or mock-Tudor) garb, and incredibly convoluted elections are their standard fare. Despite their finery and antiquity, they aren't – nor have they ever been – aristocratic. More than a century ago, they were already associated with upwardly mobile plebs, so much so that Gilbert and Sullivan poked fun at the House of Lords' collective disdain for the Common Council (composed of many livery company members) in their comic opera <em>Iolanthe</em> (1882)<em>.</em> The companies began as workmen's guilds and preserve those class associations, but they are formal, traditional organisations, because this helps to bind their members together, despite their differences, making them all feel as one.</p>
<p>
This is a common pattern. While the London gentlemen's clubs are well-dressed and traditional, they're largely devoid of ceremony; instead, they're well-appointed places to relax over meals or drinks and sniffingly observe shibboleths of the upper classes, from which syllable to stress in 'patina', to why one ought not to own fish knives. Meanwhile, foundationally working-class clubs, such as the Knights of Columbus or the Freemasons, deck themselves in formal ceremony and ritual. The already powerful can afford not to make too much fuss. For the up-and-coming, or the downtrodden, formality gives an unparalleled sense of membership to a grander body.
</p><p>
Universities and colleges once knew this well. They remain some of the only institutions still using formality to their advantage, though often grudgingly and falteringly. I lived and worked in a number of colleges in Oxford before moving to Australia, and watched as various members of the leadership tried – sometimes successfully, sometimes not – to strike away little elements of salubrious formality, when they felt the striking was good. And so, dinner's fourth course went, but second dessert was preserved. Another night of the week became informal, but Sunday was still black tie. They chip away at traditions, forgetting that, for students, visiting fellows and new academics, these are the very things that cause rapture and delight.
</p><p>
In 2019, it was an act of fortitude to stand before 100 newly enrolled graduate students – mostly Australian, few with any experience of an ancient college – and insist that in this brand-new, modern building, at our very first dinner, we would wear academic gowns, say grace in Latin, and pass decanters to the left. It was harder still to say the same to a dozen busy and seasoned academics who joined us. But it was the right choice, and the college is better for it. In this modern university, my students and academics come from every political, religious, social and economic background one can imagine; they don't have anything extrinsic in which to believe together. College gives them something to believe in as a whole.
</p><p>
The college needs ritual, tradition, anachronism and whispers of the numinous to bind together this diversity. Not to smooth it out, but to unite it in true engagement. Any apartment building can fill itself with diverse residents who politely acknowledge each other in the hallways, then keep to themselves. It takes a formal, traditional, ritual-filled ancient college to make them all feel as though they're truly of one kind – even if that ancient college is only a year old.
</p><blockquote>
<em>Benedicto, Benedicatur, per Jesum Christum, Dominum Nostrum. Amen.</em>
</blockquote><p>
<em>Postscript: This Idea was conceived and written in early 2020, in a time when COVID-19 was but a suppressed whisper. Reading it now, when ceremony and togetherness are rightly halted for the good of global health, feels like reading a dispatch from a different world. But I do hope this crisis, which is, underneath the medical crisis, a social one, will provide a chance for reflection on how we interact, and that a global community resuming its usual business will embrace the opportunity to repair our broken institutions of formality and ceremony. In short, I hope we all come out of quarantine wearing our Sunday best, ringing bells, lighting candles and burning incense.</em><img src="https://metrics.aeon.co/count/97e9267c-ce38-49a2-9e9d-b714484355e1.gif" alt="Aeon counter – do not remove">
</p><p>
This article was originally published at <a href="https://aeon.co/?utm_campaign=republished-article" target="_blank">Aeon</a> and has been republished under Creative Commons. Read the <a href="https://aeon.co/ideas/we-need-highly-formal-rituals-in-order-to-make-life-more-democratic" target="_blank">original article</a>.
</p>
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'Ring of fire' solar eclipse will occur this weekend. Here's how to watch.
It could be the most spectacular annular eclipse of the decade.
19 June, 2020
NASA
Surprising Science
- An annular eclipse is a type of solar eclipse where the edge of the Sun remains visible around the Moon.
- The June 21 annular eclipse will occur when the Moon is nearly at its apogee, the point in the lunar orbit when the Moon is farthest away from Earth.
- Only some countries will be able to see the eclipse in person, but several organizations plan to livestream the event.
<p>The Moon will briefly block out most of the Sun this weekend, offering people in Asia and Africa a chance to see a "ring of fire" solar eclipse.</p><p>The phenomenon is known as an annular eclipse, which is a type of solar eclipse where the edge of the Sun remains visible. (The name derives from the Latin word annulus, which means "little ring.") Annular eclipses occur about once a year, but the eclipse on June 21 will be particularly spectacular because it'll occur when the Moon approaches its apogee, the point in the lunar cycle when the Moon is farthest away from Earth.</p><p>Because the Moon will be especially distant from Earth, it won't obscure the whole Sun. Rather, the Moon will obscure roughly <a href="https://www.travelandleisure.com/trip-ideas/space-astronomy/international-space-station-virtual-tour" target="_blank">99 percent of the star</a>, allowing a "ring of fire" to appear, in what will be a near-total solar eclipse. </p>
<span style="display:block;position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="9f9aec2d521472fa8fab255fe621ca1d"><iframe type="lazy-iframe" data-runner-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UJfpqSj7cCs?list=RDUJfpqSj7cCs&rel=0" width="100%" height="auto" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;"></iframe></span><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"Annular eclipses are similar to total eclipses in that the moon, Earth and sun are aligned so that the moon moves directly in front of the Sun as viewed from Earth," Alex Young, associate director for science in the heliophysics science division at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, told <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/world/solar-eclipse-june-2020-trnd-scn/index.html" target="_blank">CNN</a>.<br></p><p style="margin-left: 20px;">"But a total eclipse does not happen, that is the moon does not completely block out the visible disk of the sun because the moon is farther away and so its apparent size in the sky is [slightly] smaller than the sun. This means that a tiny ring of annulus of the solar disk is visible around the moon."</p>
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzQwNDgxMC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYxNjE2OTg5MX0.dgmQU3JLUQSoRUpx5Z79c0WYNayijdIzDrdyxizU3ck/img.png?width=980" id="1656b" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="7173141f599392f46dac09dd839e88b9" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" alt="annular eclipse map" />
timeanddate.com
<p>The annular eclipse may also provide views of the Sun's chromosphere — a pinkish layer of burning hydrogen — and "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baily%27s_beads" target="_blank">Baily's beads</a>," a visual effect of solar eclipses where streams of sunlight travel across the moon's rugged topography. The eclipse will begin at 12:47 a.m. ET and will last several hours, but each specific location on Earth will only be able to see it, weather permitting, for about one minute. </p><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzQwNDgxMy9vcmlnaW4uZ2lmIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYzOTYzODI2M30.9O6tJXA4If73DbCITi8-7T6yMbJWrMYfdCOnKX98Aew/img.gif?width=980" id="ee8d7" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="4e9d678800dfff438ea1875393725691" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" alt="Animation of eclipse moving across the globe" /><p>The eclipse will only be visible for some parts of Earth, including parts of Central and East Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, Oman, Saudia Arabia, Pakistan, Northern India, and South Central China. You won't be able to see the eclipse in person if you live in the Americas, but everyone can livestream it on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/SloohLive" target="_blank">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/Slooh" target="_blank">Twitter</a> or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZIt_aqvoRCrWifA1Fe9roQ" target="_blank">YouTube</a>. For more information on the eclipse's path and time of visibility, check out <a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/solar/2020-june-21" target="_blank">timeanddate.com</a>.<br></p><p>In 2021, another "ring of fire" eclipse will occur on June 10, and it'll be visible as sunrise from northern Ontario and northern Quebec. </p>
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Why white America's inaction must end in 2020
8 powerful voices share what it's like to be black in America, and why white people must break the racist status quo.
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