We know what happens to the bodies of people suffering from type 2 diabetes. Your cells cease to respond to the hormone insulin, which is tasked with carrying sugar out of your bloodstream. Your blood sugar levels rise, which causes your pancreas to produce more and more insulin—over time a futile effort. Your pancreas eventually becomes exhausted; your blood sugar remains permanently elevated. The cascade of deleterious health effects ensues, resulting in, if untreated, death.
Sugar is first to mind when contemplating this disease these days, alongside the fact that type 2 diabetes is an avoidable disease. In the three decades following 1975 worldwide rates increased sevenfold. Yet it is not only sugar doing the damage. The accumulation of visceral fat and lack of exercise are also implicated in the onset of diabetes. Over time your chances of heart disease, blindness, and kidney failure increase.
But what is going on in your brain during this process? We know the risk of dementia increases, but why? A new study in the journal Diabetologia addresses this question.
While obesity increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes, a team led by Dr. Sujung Yoon wanted to know how being overweight affects the brains of those with this form of diabetes. They specifically looked at how the cognitive functions of early-stage patients were affected.
Fifty overweight and fifty normal-weight sufferers between the age of 30 and 60, all of whom had received their diagnosis in the last five years, underwent MRI scans alongside tests of memory, planning, and reaction time over multiple years. The results were stark. As the NY Times reports:
Compared with the controls, those with Type 2 diabetes had more severe thinning of the cortex and more white matter abnormalities. Overweight people with diabetes had more brain deterioration than diabetic people of normal weight.
The researchers discovered that cognitive dysfunction may accelerate, and dementia risks may increase in diabetes sufferers. While the exact mechanism for why this is remains unknown, the team writes:
... several metabolic dysfunctions including insulin resistance, poor glycaemic control and inflammation have been suggested to be involved.
While differences in executive function were not statistically significant between the overweight and normal weight groups, the overweight group had a thinner cortex in the temporal and motor regions, along with decline in memory and psychomotor speed. Cortical thinning and disrupted white matter were more prominent in the overweight group, leading researchers to believe the combination of obesity and type 2 diabetes increases the risk of diseases of dementia, including Alzheimer’s.
This problem is especially daunting to those who do not manage their diets. People with abundant visceral fat and fatty livers are at increased risk of developing insulin resistance. Diets that lead to high levels of triglycerides in the blood promote this disease. Interestingly, people with more visceral fat around the abdomen, rather than the butt and thighs, are also at increased risk. The quickest route to storing fat in this region is through the intake of sugars from soda, juices, and other foodstuffs that contain rapidly digestible glucose.
The researchers did note that overweight people without type 2 diabetes were not included in this study, making it difficult to discern what effects diabetes specifically have on cognitive risks in the overweight population. Still, this study shows that obesity creates more neurological problems in sufferers of type 2 diabetes. This fact alone is an important reminder of why weight management is critical in managing this disease.
Unfortunately a number of people do not act until the disease sets in, making such management challenging. As weight loss is possible for those suffering from type 2 diabetes, nutritional counseling alongside exercise should be implemented to help cognitive functioning remain strong.
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Derek's next book, Whole Motion: Training Your Brain and Body For Optimal Health, will be published on 7/4/17 by Carrel/Skyhorse Publishing. He is based in Los Angeles. Stay in touch on Facebook and Twitter.
University of Western Australia's rooftop observatory.
- Researchers from Australia and France team up for a record-breaking laser transmission.
- The new technique avoids atmospheric interference.
- It can be used to test aspects of Einstein's theory of relativity and advance communications.
Scientists achieved the most stable transmission of a laser signal through the atmosphere ever made, beating a world record. The team managed to send laser signals from one point to another while avoiding interference from the atmosphere. Their very precise method can allow for unprecedented comparisons of the flow of time in separate locations. This can enable scientists to carry out new tests of Einstein's celebrated theory of general relativity, and have wide applications across different fields.
For the record transmission, the researchers combined phase stabilization technology with advanced self-guiding optical terminals. They used two identical phase stabilization systems, which had their transmitters located in one building while receivers were in another. One system used optical terminals to send the optical signal over a 265 m free-space path between the buildings. Another system transmitted using a 715 m-long optical fiber cable, essentially to keep tabs on the performance of the free-space link.. The terminals were outfitted with mirrors to prevent interference like phase noise and beam wander.
The scientists hailed from Australia's International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) and the University of Western Australia (UWA), as well as the French National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) and the French metrology lab Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (SYRTE) at Paris Observatory.
The study's lead author Benjamin Dix-Matthews, a Ph.D. student at ICRAR and UWA, highlighted the innovation and potential of their technique. "We can correct for atmospheric turbulence in 3-D, that is, left-right, up-down and, critically, along the line of flight," said Dix-Matthews in a press release. "It's as if the moving atmosphere has been removed and doesn't exist. It allows us to send highly stable laser signals through the atmosphere while retaining the quality of the original signal."
Block diagram of the experimental link that shows two identical phase stabilization systems on the CNES campus. Both of the systems have their transmitter in the Auger building (local site), and both receivers are located in the Lagrange building (remote site). One transmits the optical signal over a 265 m free-space path in-between the buildings while utilizing tip-tilt active optics terminals. The other transmits using 715 m of optical fiber.
Credit: Dix-Matthews, Nature Communications
Dr. Sascha Schediwy, ICRAR-UWA senior researcher, envisioned numerous applications for their technology, whose precise performance beats even the best optical atomic clocks. Putting one of these optical terminals on the ground while another one is on a satellite in space would help the exploration of fundamental physics, according to Schediwy. Other applications could extend to testing Einstein's theories with greater precision as well as understanding the time-related changes of fundamental physical constants and making advanced measurements in earth science and geophysics.
Optical communications, a field that that utilizes light for sending information, could also benefit. The new tech can improve its data rates by "orders of magnitude," thinks Dr. Schediwy. "The next generation of big data-gathering satellites would be able to get critical information to the ground faster," he added.
Check out the new study in Nature Communications.
